Int J Respir Pulm Med ISSN: 2378-3516

• Abstract
• Keywords
• Introduction
• Methods
• Statistical Analysis
• Results
• Discussion
• Conclusions
• Acknowledgement
• Ethical Statement
• Figure 1
• Figure 2
• Figure 3
• Figure 4
• Figure 5
• Figure 6
• Table 1
• Video 1
• Video 2
• References

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International Journal of Respiratory and Pulmonary Medicine

¹Department of Cardiology, Santa Marta's Hospital, Portugal
²Department of Pulmonology, Santa Marta's Hospital, Portugal

Abstract

Introduction and purpose: Several echocardiographic parameters study right ventricular (RV) function, which has a prognostic impact on pulmonary hypertension (PH). Our goal was to evaluate the correlation between known prognostic markers and standard, as well as advanced echocardiographic parameters, including Tissue Doppler (TDI), strain imaging and three-dimensional (3D) echocardiography.

Methods: 51 patients (pts) with PH were prospectively studied and the following variables (among others) were analysed: Right Atrial Area/Volume and Global Longitudinal Strain (GLS), Tricuspid Annular Plane Systolic Excursion (TAPSE), RV Fractional Area Change, RV GLS, RV Tei Index, Pulmonary Artery Systolic Pressure (PASP), Pulmonary Acceleration Time (PAcT), Tricuspid s'. In 42 pts, the following 3D variables were calculated: RV end-systolic (ES), end-diastolic (ED) volumes (V) and ejection fraction (EF). Data regarding clinical/demographic characteristics, six-minute walk test (6MWT) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) were also collected.

Results: There was a statistically significant (p < 0.05) correlation between 6 MWT and RV Tei Index (r = -0.336), PASP (r = -0.388), PAcT (r = 0.661), RVESV (r = -0.380), RVEF (r = 0.381), as well as between BNP and TAPSE (r = -0.332), Tricuspid s' (r = -0.29), PAcT (r = -0.31), RV GLS (r = 0.385), RVESV (r = 0.405), RVEDV (r = 0.445).

Conclusions: In this population with PH, conventional echocardiographic parameters, which have several limitations, but also advanced parameters, particularly RV GLS and EDV/EF obtained by 3D echocardiography, demonstrated an important correlation with prognostic markers well studied, reinforcing the need for a more comprehensive study of RV function.

Keywords

Pulmonary hypertension, Two-dimensional echocardiography, Three-dimensional echocardiography, Longitudinal strain, Right ventricle

Introduction

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is defined by an increase in mean pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) to a value superior or equal to 25 mm Hg at rest, as determined by right heart catheterization [1].

Although the degree of pulmonary hypertension characterizes this entity, it does not correlate with symptoms or survival [1]. On the other hand, right ventricular (RV) function is a major determinant of clinical presentation and prognosis in pulmonary hypertension [2,3].

Echocardiography is a key screening tool in the complex diagnostic algorithm of PH, providing an estimate of PAP, evaluating the remodeling and function of the RV and being also useful in ruling out secondary causes of PH [4]. Additionally, echocardiography is valuable in evaluating prognosis, treatment options and monitoring the efficacy of specific therapy [5].

Nonetheless, echocardiography is also more affordable for serial testing and more universally available than other cardiac imaging tests such as cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) [5].

Nowadays, there are several echocardiographic parameters that evaluate mainly the right ventricular function, from traditional parameters such as right ventricular Tei Index, to more recent parameters, including RV Global Longitudinal Strain, using speckle-tracking imaging or three-dimensional (3D) echocardiography [6-10]. In fact, 3D echocardiography is able to display the complex anatomy of the RV, simultaneously depicting both longitudinal and transverse movements, rendering it superior to conventional two-dimensional (2D) methods in RV function assessment [9,10].

Actually, many echocardiographic laboratories are currently using the conventional measures along with the newer methods for a more comprehensive RV echocardiographic analysis [5]. Therefore, although most of them are not included in the routine echocardiographic evaluation of PH patients, it is important to use different parameters in order to correctly study, non-invasively, RV physiology and its prognostic value.

Methods

In this study, 51 patients with the diagnosis of PH, by right heart catheterization, consecutively observed in either a PH or Congenital Heart Disease Consultation, were prospectively submitted to a transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE), from August 2013 to April 2015.

All echocardiographic studies were obtained from the same operator, using the same echocardiography machine (GE Vivid E9) and workstation (EchoPAC PC Software, version 112).

According to the recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography and European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging [11], the echocardiographic variables analysed were: Absolute and Indexed Right Atrial (RA) Area and Volume, RA Global Longitudinal Strain (GLS), Tricuspid Annular Plane Systolic Excursion (TAPSE), Right Ventricular Fractional Area Change (RVFAC), RV GLS, RV Tei Index (Index of Myocardial Performance), RV Tei Index by Tissue Doppler Imaging (TDI), Tricuspid e', s' and E/e', Pulmonary Artery Systolic Pressure (PASP), Pulmonary Acceleration Time (PAcT), Aortic Velocity Time Integral (VTI), Cardiac Output (CO), Left Ventricle Eccentricity Index (LVEI) in diastole and systole, Mitral mean e', s' and E/e'.

Regarding GLS, it is important to underline that we have used the same software applied for the study of the left ventricle, as usual.

Nonetheless, we also measured the Peak Isovolumic Myocardial Velocity (IVCv) and the Myocardial Acceleration during Isovolumic Contraction (IVA), which is defined by dividing IVCv by Time to Peak Velocity, using TDI, according to the literature [12,13]. Since IVA is frequency dependent, it was also indexed to the heart rate (divided by √RR [ms]).

Additionally, we calculated the duration of Tricuspid Regurgitation corrected for Heart Rate (TRDc), using the formula: TRDc[ms]/(√RR interval[s]) [14].

The 3D echocardiographic variables - RV end-systolic (ES), end-diastolic (ED) and stroke (SV) volumes (V), as well as RV ejection fraction (EF) - were calculated offline using the software TomTec 4D RV Volume, in 42 patients (in the remaining population it was not possible to obtain due to technical difficulties, mostly related to RV anatomy and suboptimal acoustic window).

Finally, we also collected data regarding demographic characteristics, clinical classification of PH (according to the ESC/ERS Guidelines [15]), clinical status of the patients (New York Heart Association = NYHA functional class), six-minute walk test (6MWT) results and serum levels of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), in the same period of time of TTE.

Statistical Analysis

The statistical analysis was performed using IBM® SPSS® Statistics, version 21.

Qualitative variables were expressed as absolute frequencies and percentages and quantitative variables were expressed as mean value ± standard deviation. Correlation between data was tested with Pearson's correlation analysis and a p value inferior to 0.05 was accepted as statistically significant.

Results

The majority of patients were female (34 patients = 67%), with a mean age of 54 ± 16 years (range: 26 to 85 years old). Most patients were classified in groups 1 (mainly congenital heart disease and idiopathic) or 4 (Figure 1 and Figure 2) and were in NYHA functional class II or III (Figure 3). The results regarding each echocardiographic parameter are shown in table 1.

In this population, there was a statistically significant correlation between 6MWT and the following variables: RV Tei Index, with p = 0.048 and r = -0.336 (Figure 4); PASP, with p = 0.021 and r = -0.388; PAcT, with p = 0.0001 and r = 0.661; RVESV, with p = 0.046 and r = -0.380 and RVEF (Figure 5 and Video 1), with p = 0.046 and r = 0.381.

There was also a statistically significant correlation between BNP levels and the following variables: TAPSE, with p = 0.022 and r = -0.332; RV GLS (Figure 6 and Video 2), with p = 0.009 and r = 0.385; Tricuspid s', with p = 0.046 and r = -0.29; PAcT, with p = 0.043 and r = -0.31; RVESV (Video 1), with p = 0.011 and r = 0.405 and RVEDV (Video 1), with p = 0.005 and r = 0.445.

Discussion

This study involved a prospective analysis of several echocardiographic parameters in a heterogeneous population of patients with PH, mainly from groups 1 and 4.

Recently, the ESC/ERS Guidelines have been updated considering only the right atrial area and the presence of pericardial effusion as the two main echocardiographic prognostic markers in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (group 1) [15].

Nonetheless, to evaluate in a more comprehensive way the right ventricular function, it is important to consider many other echocardiographic parameters. Considering the conventional parameters with a statistically significant correlation with two well studied prognostic markers (6MWT and BNP), namely RV Tei Index, PAcT, PASP, TAPSE, they correspond to well-known and easily performed parameters. However, there are limitations in their use: conventional velocity and displacement based analyses can be affected by translational motion of the heart and respiratory variation [6].

In fact, there is a relatively weak performance of older 2-dimensional (2D) echocardiographic indices of RV performance including fractional area change and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion in the setting of pulmonary hypertension due mainly to the complex RV shape and the thinness of its free wall [8]. Nonetheless, TAPSE correlated with BNP but not with 6MWT, which may be explained by the numerous factors that influence this test, besides RV function, such as respiratory or muscular performance.

Regarding RV GLS, which in this study also had a statistically significant correlation with BNP, it enables quantification of global myocardial function in a simple and angle-independent manner, giving a more direct assessment of RV mechanics [6].

Moreover, RV GLS showed a strong association (stronger than that of other echocardiographic indices) with all-cause mortality, cardiopulmonary mortality and cardiopulmonary events in a study held at the Mayo Clinic in 575 patients (although it was a retrospective study in patients with both known or suspected PH) [16].

Additionally, the fact that GLS correlated with BNP and 3D echocardiographic variables correlated with 6MWT and BNP, whilst RVFAC did not, may indicate that those advanced parameters are more sensitive and potentially constitute early markers of RV dysfunction. Accordingly, although based on a significant correlation with prognostic markers, our study corroborates the potential usefulness of RV GLS and especially 3D echocardiographic variables as add-on tools in the characterization of patients with PH and we believe that these parameters will be used more often in the future, as soon as more studies are published in this setting.

However, it is also important to notice that albeit an isolated change in one echocardiographic variable is not meaningful per se, multiple variable modifications provide more accurate information, with clinical impact. In this regard, the multivariable approach should be the rule, combining different parameters, including the above-mentioned advanced variables. Despite this study having a relatively small population, the data were collected prospectively and included patients from different groups, reflecting the heterogeneity of PH in real world scenario.

Nevertheless, given the dimension of the population analyzed, there will be needed further studies in order to confirm the incremental value of the more recent echocardiographic parameters on the prognostic stratification of this clinical entity.

Conclusions

In this cohort of patients with PH, not only conventional echocardiographic parameters such as right ventricular Tei Index, which have several limitations, but also more advanced parameters, particularly right ventricular global longitudinal strain and 3D functional/volumetric assessment, demonstrated an important correlation with prognostic markers well studied (six-minute walk test and serum levels of brain natriuretic peptide), reinforcing the need for a more comprehensive study of right ventricular function, in this clinical entity.

Acknowledgement

The authors would like to thank to all the technicians that work in the echocardiography laboratory for their valuable help.

Ethical Statement

The authors declare that have followed all the international recommendations regarding clinical investigation (Helsinki Declaration of the World Medical Association).

Video 1

Illustrative example of 3d echocardiographic parameters (ESV = End-systolic Volume; EDV = End-diastolic Volume; EF = Ejection Fraction; SV = Stroke Volume). Video 1

Video 2

Illustrative example of right ventricular global longitudinal strain from a patient of this study. Video 2

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