Down syndrome (DS) is the most frequent genetic disease characterized by several neuropathological features including alteration in neurogenesis, mental disability, cognitive impairments, learning-memory deficits and early onset of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Over expression of chromosome 21 genes, localized in Down Syndrome Critical Region (DSCR), is the main cause of DS neuropathological features. We studied herein one of DSCR genes, DYRK1A (Dual-Specificity Tyrosine-Phosphorylation-Regulated ...

Cognitive changes in Parkinson’s disease (PD) can occur at any stage of the disease and have been shown to significantly impact well-being and life participation. The nature and pattern of cognitive decline in PD remains unclear due to the heterogeneity of symptoms and lack of a clear explanatory model. This review aims to draw attention to several theoretical models of cognitive decline in PD to deepen our understanding of the complex milieu of symptoms and begin to offer clinical implication...