It is not easy to preserve and restore individual teeth that have been damaged in the apical region of the alveolar bone crest due to various causes such as caries, crown fracture, perforation, or external resorption. In these cases, the dentist must decide whether to preserve the tooth root or extract it. Elective treatments following root extraction include replacing the missing tooth with various types of prostheses or implants, but if preservation of the tooth root is desired, elective treat...

Achieving a reliable apical seal is a critical determinant of success in endodontic microsurgery. Recent advances in bioceramic materials have prompted investigation into their sealing effectiveness when applied via orthograde or retrograde techniques. However, comparative data on their performance remains limited....