Table 1: Clinical characteristics of the
study population (N = 450).
|
|
Controls
(n
= 150) |
Subclinical
Atherosclerosis (n
= 150) |
Clinical
Atherosclerosis (n
= 150) |
p |
|
Weight
(Kg) |
79.8
± 1.45 |
78.41
± 1.25 |
75.59
± 1.29 |
NS |
|
Height
(cm) |
156.7
± 0.64 |
157.1
± 0.68 |
151.9
± 0.51 |
<
0.0001 |
|
BMI
(Kg/m2) |
32.4
± 0.51 |
31.7
± 0.47 |
32.7
± 0.49 |
NS |
|
Waist
circumference (cm) |
104.4
± 1.07 |
104.4
± 0.95 |
101.1 ±
1.17 |
<
0.01 |
|
Hip
circumference (cm) |
111.7
± 1.20 |
111.3
± 0.94 |
107.2 ±
1.10 |
<
0.0001 |
|
WHR |
0.94
± 0.0 |
0.94
± 0.0 |
0.95 ±
0.0 |
NS |
|
SBP
(mmHg) |
132.7
± 1.7 |
141.6
± 1.9* |
139.9 ±
1.9 |
<
0.01 |
|
DBP
(mmHg) |
79.5
± 1.1 |
78.1
± 1.1 |
77.5 ±
1.0 |
NS |
|
Family
history of CVD |
27
(18) |
43
(29) |
7 (5) |
<
0.0001 |
|
Marital
status Single Married Widowed Divorced
|
3
(2) 119
(79) 9
(6) 19
(13) |
2
(1) 115
(77) 29
(19) 4
(3) |
0
(0) 81
(54) 62
(41) 7
(5) |
<
0.05 |
|
Parity 0 1 2 3 4 ≥
5 |
5
(3) 8
(5) 6
(4) 10
(7) 15
(10) 106
(71) |
10
(7) 4
(3) 5
(3) 10
(7) 16
(11) 105
(69) |
6
(4) 0
(0) 3
(2) 6
(4) 10
(7) 125
(83) |
<
0.05 |
|
Education
level Illiterate Intermediate High
school University
|
62
(41) 25
(17) 27
(18) 36
(24) |
83
(55) 21
(14) 21
(14) 25
(17) |
90
(59) 37
(25) 10
(7) 13
(9) |
<
0.05 |
|
Occupation Retired/unemployed Administrative Director/physician |
87
(58) 40
(27) 3
(2) |
129
(86) 15
(10) 6
(4) |
127
(85) 23
(15) 0
(0) |
<
0.05 |
|
Type
of residency Traditional
housing Apartment Villa
|
58
(39) 59
(39) 33
(22) |
65
(43) 52
(35) 33
(22) |
33
(22) 96
(64) 21
(14) |
<
0.05 |
|
Physical
activity <
1 time/week 1-2
times/week ≥
3 times/week |
84
(56) 19
(13) 47
(31) |
41
(27) 93
(62) 16
(11) |
24
(16) 92
(61) 34
(23) |
<
0.0001 |
|
Smoking
status Non-smoker Former
smoker Current smoker |
134
(89) 8
(5) 8
(5) |
132
(88) 12
(8) 6
(4) |
136
(91) 8
(5) 6
(4) |
NS |
|
Passive
smoking |
19
(13) |
29
(19) |
14
(9) |
<
0.05 |
Numeric data are presented as mean ±
SEM and categorical data as number and percentage. Categorical data were
compared by X2
test;
Continuous variables were compared by
ANOVA test for normally distributed parameters or KruskallWallis
test for non-normally distributed parameters.
*p < 0.05 controls vs. subclinical atherosclerosis
group, p < 0.05 controls vs. clinical atherosclerosis group, p
< 0.05 subclinical atherosclerosis vs. clinical atherosclerosis group.
Family history of CVD is defined as
having heart disease before the age of 55 years in males and the age of 65
years in females.
Physical activity is defined by
exercising for at least 30 min on three or more times per week [45].
Current smoking is defined as smoking
at least 1 pack of cigarettes per week and/or 1 shisha (Hookah) per week.
Passive smoking is defined as the
exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke released from a cigarette or other
smoking device (e.g., shisha) for at least 30 minutes per day.