Table 1: Summary of select current and prospective technologies for bone grafting applications.
Materials | Living bone (e.g., autograft) |
Non-living bone (e.g., allograft) | |
Scaffold | |
- Natural polymer (e.g., collagen, chitosan, alginate) | |
- Synthetic polymer (e.g., polycaprolactone triol) | |
- Bioactive ceramic (e.g., tricalcium phosphate) | |
- Bioactive glass | |
- Hydrogels | |
- Metals (e.g., steel, gold, titanium) | |
Cells | Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells |
Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells | |
Induced pluripotent stem cells | |
Others | |
Biologics | Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) |
Bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7, OP1) | |
Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) | |
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) | |
Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) |