Table 1: Summary of select current and prospective technologies for bone grafting applications.
| Materials | Living bone (e.g., autograft) |
| Non-living bone (e.g., allograft) | |
| Scaffold | |
| - Natural polymer (e.g., collagen, chitosan, alginate) | |
| - Synthetic polymer (e.g., polycaprolactone triol) | |
| - Bioactive ceramic (e.g., tricalcium phosphate) | |
| - Bioactive glass | |
| - Hydrogels | |
| - Metals (e.g., steel, gold, titanium) | |
| Cells | Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells |
| Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells | |
| Induced pluripotent stem cells | |
| Others | |
| Biologics | Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) |
| Bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7, OP1) | |
| Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) | |
| Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) | |
| Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) |