Likely mode of contamination

Number

%

p

OR [95% CI]

Care-related contamination:

33

82.5

< 0.03

2.4 [1.02-5.7]

Dental

28

70.0

NS

-

Surgery

13

32.5

NS

-

During blood transfusion

10

25.0

< 0.01

3.9 [1.7-9.3]

Traditional practices -piercing:

7

17.5

< 0.05

2.7 [1.03-6.9]

Hijama

3

7.5

NS

-

Tattoo

3

7.5

< 0.05

6.2 [1.2-31.7]

Scarification

1

2.5

NS

-

Piercing

-

-

-

-

Sexual transmission (multiple partners)

1

2.5

NS

-

Intravenous drug use

-

-

-

-