Table 4: Analysis of the association of
demographic and other factors with trypanosome infections in cattle.
Variable |
N |
Positives |
Ratios |
[± 95% CI] |
χ2 |
p-value |
|
Sex |
|||||||
Male |
53 |
27 (50.94%) |
(OR) 0.9729 |
0.5279 |
1.7928 |
0.0078 |
0.9297 |
Female |
184 |
95 (51.63%) |
(RR) 0.986 |
0.7215 |
1.3475 |
||
Age |
|||||||
1-3 years |
78 |
38 (48.72%) |
(OR) 1.1789 |
0.6855 |
2.0277 |
0.3543 |
0.5517 |
> 3 years |
159 |
84 (68.85%) |
(RR) 1.1167 |
0.7763 |
1.6065 |
||
Body condition |
|||||||
Poor |
126 |
70 (55.56%) |
(OR) 0.7051 |
0.4224 |
1.1769 |
1.7918 |
0.1807 |
Good |
111 |
52 (46.85%) |
(RR) 0.8362 |
0.6435 |
1.0865 |
||
Breed |
|||||||
TSHZ |
133 |
67 (50.38%) |
(OR) 0.9044 |
0.5411 |
1.5115 |
0.147 |
0.7013 |
(RR) 0.9494 |
0.7277 |
1.2388 |
|||||
Boran |
71 |
35 (49.30%) |
(OR) 0.8828 |
0.5062 |
1.5395 |
0.193 |
0.6603 |
(RR) 0.9386 |
0.7098 |
1.5395 |
|||||
Ankole |
10 |
7 (70%) |
(OR) 2.2725 |
0.5732 |
9.0087 |
0.3353 (F) |
|
(RR) 1.6446 |
0.6323 |
4.2777 |
|||||
0.5016 |
13.9101 (F) |
||||||
Cross |
23 |
13 (56.52%) |
(OR) 1.2523 |
0.5263 |
2.9798 |
0.2595 |
0.6104 |
(RR) 1.1285 |
0.6944 |
1.8339 |
|||||
Source |
|||||||
Born |
222 |
112 (50.45%) |
(OR) 1.9643 |
0.6504 |
5.9324 |
0.9012 |
0.3424 |
Purchased |
15 |
10 (66.67%) |
(RR) 1.4865 |
0.7179 |
3.0781 |
||
Mucous membranes |
|||||||
Pale |
97 |
51 (52.58%) |
(OR) 0.9281 |
0.5527 |
1.5584 |
0.0225 |
0.8807 |
Normal |
140 |
71 (50.71%) |
(RR) 0.9622 |
0.7356 |
1.2587 |
||
Owner activities |
|||||||
Only livestock |
178 |
88 (48.44%) |
(OR) 1.3909 |
0.7678 |
2.5196 |
1.1896 |
0.2754 |
Livestock and other |
59 |
34 (57.63%) |
(RR) 1.1933 |
0.8569 |
1.6617 |
||
Livestock
market |
|||||||
Not
available |
48 |
13 (27.08%) |
(OR) 3.6683 |
1.8235 |
7.3792 |
14.3388 |
0.0001 |
Available |
189 |
109 (57.67%) |
(RR) 1.7227 |
1.3556 |
2.1891 |
||
Treatment |
|||||||
Oxytetracyclin & Berenil |
143 |
77 (53.85%) |
(OR) 1.2704 |
0.7542 |
2.1398 |
0.8103 |
0.368 |
(RR) 1.1294 |
0.8687 |
1.4684 |
|||||
Aceturate Diminazene (Berenil) |
212 |
111 (52.36%) |
(OR) 1.3987 |
0.6072 |
3.222 |
0.6255 |
0.429 |
(RR) 1.1754 |
0.8078 |
1.7103 |
|||||
Isometamidium chloride (Samorin) |
19 |
13 (68.42%) |
(OR) 2.1667 |
0.7946 |
5.9081 |
1.6941 |
0.1930 (Y) |
(RR) 1.5833 |
0.8061 |
3.1099 |
|||||
Homidium chloride (Novidium) |
20 |
13 (65%) |
(OR) 1.8401 |
0.7069 |
4.7896 |
1.0626 |
0.3026 (Y) |
(RR) 1.422 |
0.7711 |
2.6224 |
|||||
Prevention |
|||||||
Pyrethroids |
231 |
120 (51.95%) |
(OR) 2.1622 |
0.3884 |
12.0376 |
0.4349 (F) |
|
(RR) 1.3874 |
0.7757 |
2.4816 |
|||||
0.3022 |
24.2655
(F) |
||||||
Organophosphorus |
10 |
3 (30%) |
(OR) 0.389 |
0.0981 |
1.542 |
0.2052 (F) |
|
(RR) 0.6797 |
0.443 |
1.0429 |
|||||
0.0636 |
1.7631
(F) |
||||||
Water source |
|||||||
River |
181 |
95 (52.49%) |
(OR) 1.1865 |
0.6512 |
2.1616 |
0.3125 |
0.5761 |
(RR) 1.0899 |
0.8111 |
1.4646 |
|||||
Water well |
84 |
46 (54.76%) |
(OR) 1.2265 |
0.7191 |
2.0918 |
0.5622 |
0.4533 |
(RR) 1.1125 |
0.8382 |
1.4765 |
|||||
Charco dam |
66 |
21 (31.82%) |
(OR) 0.3234 |
0.1773 |
0.5899 |
14.1528 |
0.0001 |
(RR) 0.6004 |
0.4704 |
0.7664 |
|||||
Vegetation |
|||||||
Sparse/Open
woodland |
48 |
13 (27.08%) |
(OR) 3.6683 |
1.8235 |
7.3792 |
14.3388 |
0.0001 |
Dense/Closed
Miombo Forest |
189 |
109 (57.67%) |
(RR) 1.7227 |
1.3556 |
2.1891 |
||
Proximity
to Mikumi |
|||||||
Close
(0-10 Km) |
113 |
53 (46.9%) |
(OR) 0.7041 |
0.422 |
1.1748 |
1.8091 |
0.1786 |
Far
(> 20 Km) |
124 |
69 (55.65%) |
(RR) 0.8353 |
0.6425 |
1.0861 |
||
Proximity
to tourist tracks |
|||||||
Close
(0-10 Km) |
70 |
24 (34.29%) |
(OR) 0.3673 |
0.2053 |
0.6573 |
11.7537 |
0.0006 |
Far
(> 20 Km) |
167 |
98 (58.68%) |
(RR) 0.6287 |
0.4908 |
0.8054 |
n - counts; % - percent; CI - confidence intervals; χ2-
Chi-square; OR - odds ratio; RR - risk ratio; F - Fishers exact test; Y - Yates
corrected Chi-square.
Note: A total of 237 cattle were analysed based on
risk factors. Counts and percentage of animals positive in each category are
shown above. Odds ratios, risk ratios and chi-square show significance of each
factor in relation to the occurrence of infection.