Table 1: Analyses of NHIS responses as related to "risks of frailty" domains. Older adults over the age of 65 years of age were compared in their responses to questions related to factors for frailty risks using NHIS survey questions. G1= Respondents who had tested negative for COVID-19; G2= Respondents who had tested positive for COVID-19 with zero to mild symptoms. G3= Respondents who had tested positive for COVID-19 with moderate to severe symptoms.
|
Frailty Domain |
Question Asked with NHIS Test Question Code |
Kruskal Wallis test comparison between Groups |
If significant, post hoc comparison ranking results |
|
Self reported exhaustion |
In the past 3 months, how often did you feel very tired or exhausted? Would you say never, some days, most days, or every day? (Ans: Never, Some days, Most days, Every day, Refused, Not ascertained, Don't know) NHIS Code: FGEFRQTRD_A |
X2 = 14.42 (N = 1478),2, P ≤ 0.001 |
G3 > G1, p ≤ 0.001; G3 > G2, p < 0.05 |
|
Thinking about the last time you felt very tired or exhausted, how long did it last? Would you say some of the day, most of the day, or all of the day? NHIS Code: FGELNGTRD_A |
X2 = 13.70 (N = 1026),2, p ≤ 0.001 |
G3 > G1, p ≤ 0.001; G3 > G2, p < 0.05 |
|
|
Slow walking speed |
Do you have difficulty walking or climbing steps? Would you say no difficulty, some difficulty, a lot of difficulty, or you cannot do this at all? NHIS Code: DIFF_A |
No significant difference
|
|
|
Do you use any equipment or receive help for getting around? NHIS Code: EQUIP_A |
X2 = 10.4 (N = 1478),2, p < 0.05 |
G3 < G1, p < 0.05; G3 < G2, p < 0.05
|
|
|
Decreased Physical Activity |
How often do you do moderate-intensity -leisure time physical activities? NHIS Code: MODNR_A |
No significant difference
|
|
|
Frequency of moderate physical activity (times per week) NHIS Code: MODFREQW_A |
No significant difference |
|
|
|
Depression |
How often do you feel depressed? Would you say daily, weekly, monthly, a few times a year, or never? NHIS Code: DepFreq_A |
X2 = 10.62 (N = 1478),2, p < 0.05 |
G3 < G1, p < 0.05 |
|
Thinking about the last time you felt depressed, how depressed did you feel? Would you say a little, a lot, or somewhere in between? NHIS Code: DepLevel_A |
X2 = 10.163 (N = 1478),2, p < 0.05 |
G3 > G1. P < 0.05; G3 > G2, p < 0.05 |
|
|
Anxiety |
How often do you feel worried, nervous or anxious? Would you say daily, weekly, monthly, a few times a year, or never? NHIS Code: AnxFreq_A |
No significant difference |
|
|
Thinking about the last time you felt worried, nervous or anxious, how would you describe the level of these feeling? Would you say a little, a lot, or somewhere in between? NHIS Code: AnxLevel_A |
X2 = 16.29 (N = 1478),2, p ≤ 0.001 |
G3 > G1, p ≤ 0.001; G3 > G2, p < 0.05 |
|
|
Medication |
Do you take prescription medication for depression NHIS Code: DEPTMED_A |
X2 = 6.60 (N = 1478),2, p < 0.05 |
G3 < G1, p < 0.05 |
|
Do you take prescription medication for these feelings? Take medication for worried/nervous/anxious feelings NHIS Code: ANXMED_A |
X2 = 8.32 (N = 1478),2, p < 0.05 |
G3 < G1, p < 0.05 |
|
|
Chronic Pain |
In the past three months, how often did you have pain? Would you say never, some days, most days, or every day? NHIS Code: PAIFRQ3M_A |
No significant difference |
|
|
Over the past three months, how often did your pain limit your life or work activities? Would you say never, some days, most days, or every day? NHIS Code: PAIWKLM3M_A |
No significant difference |
|
|
|
Over the past three months, how often did your pain affect your family and significant others? Would you say never, some days, most days, or every day? NHIS Code: PAIAFFM3M_A |
X2 = 10.47 (N = 1478),2, p < 0.05 |
G3 > G1, p < 0.05 |
|
|
Thinking about the last time you had pain, how much pain did you have? Would you say a little, a lot, or somewhere in between? NHIS Code: PAIAMNT_A |
No significant difference |
|
|
|
Self care |
Do you have difficulty with self care, such as washing all over or dressing? Would you say no difficulty, some difficulty, a lot of difficulty, or you cannot do this at all? NHIS Code: UPPSLFCR_A |
X2 = 8.10 (N = 1478),2, p < 0.05 |
G3 > G1, p < 0.05 |
|
Interventional assistance: Therapy |
Over the past 12 months did you receive physical therapy, speech therapy, rehabilitative therapy, or occupational therapy? NHIS Code: Thera12M_A |
No significant difference |
|