Clinical gait syndromes.

Table 2: Clinical gait syndromes.

Gait Disorder	Gait Features	Non-Gait Features
Antalgic	Reduced stance time on affected limb.
Coxalgic	Upper trunk inclined toward affected side during stance (Duchenne sign).
Coxalgic	No declination of unsupported hemipelvis.
Neurogenic Claudicatory	Pain, weakness, paresthesias provoked by walking.
Neurogenic Claudicatory	Relieved by rest especially with trunk flexed.
Steppage	Foot drop due to ankle dorsiflexor weakness.
Waddling	Upper trunk inclined toward affected side during stance (Duchenne sign).
Waddling	Declination of contralateral hemipelvis during swing (Trendelenburg sign).
Cerebellar ataxia	Broad-based and staggering. Irregular stepping.	Dysarthria
	Not aggravated by deprivation of visual input.	Dysmetria
		Dysdiadochokinesia
Sensory ataxia	Broad-based and staggering. Stepping may be stomping.	Romberg sign
Sensory ataxia	Aggravated by deprivation of visual input.	Impaired proprioceptive acuity and vibration perception
Vestibular ataxia	Broad-based and veering.	Vertigo or nystagmus Romberg sign
	Alleviated by walking fast or running.	Positive Unterberger test
	Aggravated by deprivation of visual input.
Spastic	Circumduction (or scissoring, if bilateral). Vaulting	Upper motor neuron features - increased tone, hyper-reflexia.
Spastic	Circumduction (or scissoring, if bilateral). Vaulting	Informative shoe sole wear pattern (medial forefoot).
Dystonic	Bizarre posturing (e.g. camptocormia, “cock” gait).	May be normalized by “sensory tricks”
Dystonic	Task-specific.	May be normalized by “sensory tricks”
Dyskinetic	Additional movements are superimposed on gait	Other features of tics, myoclonus or chorea.
Cautious	Slow, broad-based with reduced arm swing and a slight stoop - as if walking on a slippery surface.	History of recent fall
Cautious	Improves with little external support.	History of recent fall
Careless	Maladaptive gait behavior e.g. excessive speed on slippery or uneven terrain.	Impairments in executive and other cognitive domains.
Psychogenic	Clinical presentation is inconsistent.	Secondary gain may be involved.
	May normalize if distracted.
	Falls are rare/rarely injurious.
Hypokinetic-rigid	Slow and shuffing.	Increased tone Tremor.
	Reduced arm swing.
	Altered trunk alignment. Freezing.
	Gait apraxia (if frontal lobe involved) Falls are common.
Higher level	Very effortful gait initiation.
	Slow, shuffing and broad-based.
	Variable stepping pattern with inappropriate synergies e.g. cross-stepping Freezing.
	Gait apraxia.
	Unimproved by mobility assistive devices.
	Falls are common.
Drug-induced	Commonly ataxic or dyskinetic. Falls are common.	Sedation