Table 2: Adjusted Characteristics of Those with Dual Sensory Impairment, Hearing Impairment Only, and Vision Impairment Only.

Characteristic

Dual Sensory Impairment

Hearing Impairment Only

Vision Impairment Only

Odds Ratio

Odds Ratio (95% CI)

Odds Ratio (95% CI)

(95% Confidence Interval (CI))

 

 

Age

     

   65-69

1

1

1

   70-74

1.36 (0.99, 1.87)

1.40 (1.11, 1.76)

1.11 (0.79, 1.56)

   75-79

1.64 (1.17, 2.30)

1.47 (1.14, 1.90)

0.95 (0.65, 1.39)

   80-84

1.81 (1.22, 2.67)

2.15 (1.59, 2.91)

0.94 (0.60, 1.48)

   > 85

2.89 (1.93, 4.33)

2.59 (1.87, 3.61)

0.87 (0.52, 1.44)

Female

0.39 (0.31, 0.50)

0.45 (0.37, 0.54)

0.91 (0.68, 1.21)

Incomea

     

   Low

1

1

1

   Medium

0.80 (0.59, 1.08)

1.19 (0.92, 1.55)

0.80 (0.56, 1.15)

   High

0.77 (0.56, 1.07)

1.24 (0.95, 1.62)

0.84 (0.57, 1.22)

Minority statusa

     

   Low

1

1

1

   Medium-High

1.03 (0.83, 1.29)

0.91 (0.77, 1.08)

1.22 (0.94, 1.59)

Population Density

     

   Urban

1

1

1

   Suburban

1.40 (1.06, 1.86)

1.09 (0.86, 1.37)

1.19 (0.84, 1.68)

   Rural

1.70 (1.23, 2.35)

1.47 (1.13, 1.91)

1.21 (0.80, 1.82)

Geographic Region

     

   West

1

1

1

   Northeast

0.63 (0.46, 0.86)

0.64 (0.50, 0.81)

1.08 (0.74, 1.58)

   Midwest

0.90 (0.65, 1.26)

0.97 (0.75, 1.26)

1.34 (0.89, 2.02)

   South

0.92 (0.69, 1.22)

0.90 (0.72, 1.12)

1.24 (0.87, 1.77)

First Dollar Coverage Medigap

0.89 (0.71, 1.11)

0.96 (0.81, 1.15)

0.80 (0.62, 1.04)

HCC Score

     

< 0.50

1

1

1

0.51-1.20

0.96 (0.71, 1.29)

0.89 (0.71, 1.10)

1.04 (0.75, 1.46)

1.21-2.80

0.99 (0.68, 1.44)

0.97 (0.72, 1.29)

1.00 (0.65, 1.55)

> 2.80

1.21 (0.69, 2.14)

1.03 (0.63, 1.67)

1.42 (0.73, 2.77)

Diabetes

0.97 (0.74, 1.28)

1.13 (0.90, 1.40)

1.15 (0.83, 1.59)

Depression

0.84 (0.54, 1.31)

1.12 (0.78, 1.62)

0.96 (0.57, 1.61)

Asthma

1.39 (0.91, 2.14)

1.04 (0.72, 1.51)

0.97 (0.56, 1.68)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

1.36 (0.92, 2.00)

1.11 (0.79, 1.56)

1.08 (0.67, 1.77)

Coronary artery disease

1.25 (0.94, 1.66)

1.23 (0.97, 1.55)

1.36 (0.96, 1.94)

Congestive heart failure

0.68 (0.43, 1.06)

0.77 (0.52, 1.13)

1.10 (0.64, 1.91)

Atrial fibrillation

0.94 (0.68, 1.31)

1.04 (0.79, 1.36)

0.66 (0.42, 1.03)

Hypertension

0.89 (0.69, 1.15)

0.92 (0.76, 1.12)

0.98 (0.72, 1.32)

Hyperlipidemia

1.00 (0.80, 1.24)

0.96 (0.81, 1.13)

0.86 (0.66, 1.11)

Osteoporosis

0.96 (0.68, 1.36)

0.74 (0.56, 0.97)

1.12 (0.77, 1.63)

Overweight or obese

1.35 (1.02, 1.78)

1.33 (1.06, 1.67)

1.33 (0.96, 1.84)

Chronic kidney disease

1.05 (0.73, 1.50)

0.98 (0.72, 1.33)

0.82 (0.51, 1.32)

Dementia

1.08 (0.56, 2.09)

0.68 (0.37, 1.28)

1.10 (0.49, 2.48)

Severely limited functional status

1.65 (1.28, 2.13)

0.94 (0.78, 1.13)

1.31 (0.98, 1.76)

Financial stress

1.93 (1.54, 2.41)

1.21 (1.00, 1.46)

1.28 (0.98, 1.69)

Limited health literacy

1.55 (1.09, 2.21)

1.13 (0.82, 1.56)

1.80 (1.18, 2.74)

Low loneliness

1

1

1

Moderate loneliness

1.45 (1.12, 1.86)

1.18 (0.97, 1.44)

1.40 (1.04, 1.88)

High loneliness

2.83 (2.13, 3.77)

1.38 (1.07, 1.78)

2.01 (1.42, 2.84)

Diverse-moderate social network

0.81 (0.65, 1.01)

0.88 (0.74, 1.05)

0.80 (0.61, 1.04)

Good sleep

0.74 (0.56, 0.98)

0.81 (0.64, 1.03)

0.71 (0.51, 0.98)

High-moderate optimism

0.86 (0.64, 1.15)

1.14 (0.88, 1.47)

1.13 (0.78, 1.64)

Falls risk

2.67 (2.11, 3.38)

1.61 (1.36, 1.92)

1.72 (1.31, 2.26)

HCC: Hierarchical Condition Category; aBased upon U.S. Census data for zip code of residence.