Table 2: Adjusted Characteristics of Those with Dual Sensory Impairment, Hearing Impairment Only, and Vision Impairment Only.
Characteristic |
Dual Sensory Impairment |
Hearing Impairment Only |
Vision Impairment Only |
Odds Ratio |
Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
|
(95% Confidence Interval (CI)) |
|
|
|
Age |
|||
65-69 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
70-74 |
1.36 (0.99, 1.87) |
1.40 (1.11, 1.76) |
1.11 (0.79, 1.56) |
75-79 |
1.64 (1.17, 2.30) |
1.47 (1.14, 1.90) |
0.95 (0.65, 1.39) |
80-84 |
1.81 (1.22, 2.67) |
2.15 (1.59, 2.91) |
0.94 (0.60, 1.48) |
> 85 |
2.89 (1.93, 4.33) |
2.59 (1.87, 3.61) |
0.87 (0.52, 1.44) |
Female |
0.39 (0.31, 0.50) |
0.45 (0.37, 0.54) |
0.91 (0.68, 1.21) |
Incomea |
|||
Low |
1 |
1 |
1 |
Medium |
0.80 (0.59, 1.08) |
1.19 (0.92, 1.55) |
0.80 (0.56, 1.15) |
High |
0.77 (0.56, 1.07) |
1.24 (0.95, 1.62) |
0.84 (0.57, 1.22) |
Minority statusa |
|||
Low |
1 |
1 |
1 |
Medium-High |
1.03 (0.83, 1.29) |
0.91 (0.77, 1.08) |
1.22 (0.94, 1.59) |
Population Density |
|||
Urban |
1 |
1 |
1 |
Suburban |
1.40 (1.06, 1.86) |
1.09 (0.86, 1.37) |
1.19 (0.84, 1.68) |
Rural |
1.70 (1.23, 2.35) |
1.47 (1.13, 1.91) |
1.21 (0.80, 1.82) |
Geographic Region |
|||
West |
1 |
1 |
1 |
Northeast |
0.63 (0.46, 0.86) |
0.64 (0.50, 0.81) |
1.08 (0.74, 1.58) |
Midwest |
0.90 (0.65, 1.26) |
0.97 (0.75, 1.26) |
1.34 (0.89, 2.02) |
South |
0.92 (0.69, 1.22) |
0.90 (0.72, 1.12) |
1.24 (0.87, 1.77) |
First Dollar Coverage Medigap |
0.89 (0.71, 1.11) |
0.96 (0.81, 1.15) |
0.80 (0.62, 1.04) |
HCC Score |
|||
< 0.50 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0.51-1.20 |
0.96 (0.71, 1.29) |
0.89 (0.71, 1.10) |
1.04 (0.75, 1.46) |
1.21-2.80 |
0.99 (0.68, 1.44) |
0.97 (0.72, 1.29) |
1.00 (0.65, 1.55) |
> 2.80 |
1.21 (0.69, 2.14) |
1.03 (0.63, 1.67) |
1.42 (0.73, 2.77) |
Diabetes |
0.97 (0.74, 1.28) |
1.13 (0.90, 1.40) |
1.15 (0.83, 1.59) |
Depression |
0.84 (0.54, 1.31) |
1.12 (0.78, 1.62) |
0.96 (0.57, 1.61) |
Asthma |
1.39 (0.91, 2.14) |
1.04 (0.72, 1.51) |
0.97 (0.56, 1.68) |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
1.36 (0.92, 2.00) |
1.11 (0.79, 1.56) |
1.08 (0.67, 1.77) |
Coronary artery disease |
1.25 (0.94, 1.66) |
1.23 (0.97, 1.55) |
1.36 (0.96, 1.94) |
Congestive heart failure |
0.68 (0.43, 1.06) |
0.77 (0.52, 1.13) |
1.10 (0.64, 1.91) |
Atrial fibrillation |
0.94 (0.68, 1.31) |
1.04 (0.79, 1.36) |
0.66 (0.42, 1.03) |
Hypertension |
0.89 (0.69, 1.15) |
0.92 (0.76, 1.12) |
0.98 (0.72, 1.32) |
Hyperlipidemia |
1.00 (0.80, 1.24) |
0.96 (0.81, 1.13) |
0.86 (0.66, 1.11) |
Osteoporosis |
0.96 (0.68, 1.36) |
0.74 (0.56, 0.97) |
1.12 (0.77, 1.63) |
Overweight or obese |
1.35 (1.02, 1.78) |
1.33 (1.06, 1.67) |
1.33 (0.96, 1.84) |
Chronic kidney disease |
1.05 (0.73, 1.50) |
0.98 (0.72, 1.33) |
0.82 (0.51, 1.32) |
Dementia |
1.08 (0.56, 2.09) |
0.68 (0.37, 1.28) |
1.10 (0.49, 2.48) |
Severely limited functional status |
1.65 (1.28, 2.13) |
0.94 (0.78, 1.13) |
1.31 (0.98, 1.76) |
Financial stress |
1.93 (1.54, 2.41) |
1.21 (1.00, 1.46) |
1.28 (0.98, 1.69) |
Limited health literacy |
1.55 (1.09, 2.21) |
1.13 (0.82, 1.56) |
1.80 (1.18, 2.74) |
Low loneliness |
1 |
1 |
1 |
Moderate loneliness |
1.45 (1.12, 1.86) |
1.18 (0.97, 1.44) |
1.40 (1.04, 1.88) |
High loneliness |
2.83 (2.13, 3.77) |
1.38 (1.07, 1.78) |
2.01 (1.42, 2.84) |
Diverse-moderate social network |
0.81 (0.65, 1.01) |
0.88 (0.74, 1.05) |
0.80 (0.61, 1.04) |
Good sleep |
0.74 (0.56, 0.98) |
0.81 (0.64, 1.03) |
0.71 (0.51, 0.98) |
High-moderate optimism |
0.86 (0.64, 1.15) |
1.14 (0.88, 1.47) |
1.13 (0.78, 1.64) |
Falls risk |
2.67 (2.11, 3.38) |
1.61 (1.36, 1.92) |
1.72 (1.31, 2.26) |
HCC: Hierarchical Condition Category; aBased upon U.S. Census data for zip code of residence.