Table 1: Average daily number of deaths due to circulatory causes and differences in the number of deaths between ambient temperature categories and sexes. "Temperature" represents the six ambient temperature categories. "Males" and "Females" represent the average daily number of deaths (mean ± SD) of males and females, respectively. "Effect size" represents the differences (Cohen's d) between the average daily number of deaths of females and males.

Temperature Males Females Effect size
≤ 8 ℃ 1.11 ± 0.75* 1.21 ± 0.64* 0.14
9 to 13 ℃ 1.02 ± 0.70* 1.23 ± 0.68*† 0.30
14 to 18 ℃ 0.96 ± 0.68 1.18 ± 0.63*† 0.33
19 to 23 ℃ 0.89 ± 0.64 1.14 ± 0.59 0.40
24 to 28 ℃ 0.92 ± 0.65 1.16 ± 0.63 0.38
≥ 29 ℃ 0.9 ± 0.85 1.28 ± 0.75 0.46

Note: *Indicates statistically significant difference from the thermoneutral zone (19 to 23 ℃) at p < 0.001; Indicates statistically significant difference between sexes at p < 0.001.