Table 1: Overview of study design, results and contributions.
|
Study I |
Study II |
Study III |
Study IV |
Design |
Cross-sectional, digital platform |
Two-wave RCT (face to face)
intervention |
Cross-sectional, digital platform |
|
Theoretical foundation |
SDT |
SDT, MI, RPM CBT |
SDT |
SDT, RPM, TTM |
Participants |
1091 adult men (n = 286) and women (n = 805), aged 18-78 years (M = 45.0; SD = 11.7), all were active members of a web based Swedish
exercise program. |
64 Swedish undergraduate
university students (women n = 49
and men n = 15) aged 19-49 years (M = 27.3; SD = 7.4). |
Sample A: N = 1084, web-based exercise service
members, mean age 45 (SD = 11.7).
Sample B: N = 511 university
students with a mean age of 22 years (SD
= 3.3). |
318 adult women (n = 279) and men (n = 40) aged 23-67 years (M
= 46.7; SD = 9.4) participating in
a digital step contest provided by their employer. |
Measures |
BPNES, BREQ-2, LTEQ |
PNES, BREQ-2, LTEQ |
BPNES, BREQ-2, LTEQ |
BPNES, BREQ-2, LTEQ |
Analyses |
SEM, MVA |
ANCOVA, MVA |
LPA |
ANCOVA, MVA |
Results |
Self-determined exercise
motivation (identified regulation) mediated the relationship between basic
psychological need satisfaction and exercise in the full sample. Moderationsof gender and age
werealsofound. |
Post-intervention effects
showed increased levels of total and strenuous exercise, and this effect was
mediated by self-determined motivation (identified regulation). |
Six profiles were found in
both samples. Some profiles were found in both samples whereas others were
unique to each sample. More self-determined profiles demonstrated higher
scores on need satisfaction and exercise. |
The intervention increased
levels of total, strenuous and light exercise and predicted mediators in
terms of motivational quality. Moderations of gender and age were also found. |
Limitations |
Cross-sectional design,
sample constitution (mainly women, high mean age) and self-reported exercise. |
Small sample of convenience,
self-reported exercise, exclusion of the relatedness need dimension and only
having two measure points. |
Cross-sectional design,
sample constitution (mainly women, high mean age) and self-reported exercise. |
High drop-out, sample
constitution (mainly women, high mean age), self-reported exercise. |
Contributions |
Validation of Swedish
translations of BPNES and BREQ-2 Employing a large sample of
middle-aged adults in an e-health context Using SEM and advanced and
modern recommended MVA Generating a full mediation
model of steps 3-5 in the SDT process model along with moderating effects of
gender and age, hence not only examining general relationships between
variables but also when, for whom, and why they are associated. |
Short-term exercise
intervention Applying polytheoretical
intervention tailoring Operating in a real-world
setting Using advanced and modern
recommended MVA |
Support for the motivational
soup, i.e., that motivation is a multidimensional construct and that people
have different, sometimes competing, reasons for engaging in exercise. Using person-oriented analyses
to examine within-person interactions of motivation and different regulations. |
Short term exercise
intervention in a digital context. Amotivation was involved in
statistically significant main (time) effects, as well as in mediating the
intervention effects. The intervention decreased controlled motivation
(external regulation) and amotivation. Results of moderation
analyses suggest that the stipulated mechanisms between exercise, motivation
and psychological need satisfaction in this study hold for women, but not for
men, and for older, but not for younger adults. |