Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy among Adult Persons Living with HIV / AIDS in Southern Ethiopia

Citation: Koyra HC (2018) Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy among Adult Persons Living with HIV/ AIDS in Southern Ethiopia. Int J Virol AIDS 5:038. doi.org/10.23937/2469-567X/1510038 Received: January 06, 2018: Accepted: May 12, 2018: Published: May 14, 2018 Copyright: © 2018 Koyra HC. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.


Introduction
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that infects cells of the immune system, destroying or impairing their functionality.As the infection progresses, the immune system of the infected person becomes weaker, and the patient becomes more susceptible to contract opportunistic diseases.The most advanced stage of HIV infection is acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).HIV/AIDS is a public health problem and major development crisis that affects all sectors.It has drastically affected health, economic and social progress reducing life expectancy, deepening poverty, and contributing to and exacerbating food shortages.Today, the estimated number of individuals living with HIV/AIDS worldwide is approximately 33.4 million, including 2.1 million children.The new infection rate is approximately 2.7 million per year, including 430,000 children.Globally, the highest level of HIV/AIDS cases is in sub-Sahara Africa, where approximately 22.4 million peoples are infected [1,2].been cited as reasons for non-adherence include forgetting, travel, fear of disclosure, shortage of pills, difficult schedules, lack of access and privacy (Figure 1).Other consistent factors for poor adherence include patient reported symptoms, stress, lack of social support, substance use, regimen complexity, self-efficacy for medication taking and depression [8].

Significance of the study
Little is known about the factors affecting ART adherence and the magnitude of ART adherence in Wolaita Zone, especially Areka town.Therefore, the objective of this study is to assess level of adherence and predictors of poor adherence among HIV/AIDS patients receiving Antiretroviral Therapy at Dubbo St. Marry Hospital.
The issue of ARV adherence among HIV/AIDS in Ethiopia and in study area is important.This study determined the status and magnitude of adherence and factors that affect adherence in Dubbo St. Marry hospital among patients who follow ARV therapy.Since there is no previous research conducted on this title in the study area, the finding of this study is important for policy makers , and will be used as a baseline data for future research.In addition, this study will create the awareness in society about ARV adherence.

Methodology Study area and period
The study was conducted in Dubbo St. Marry Hospital, Areka town, SNNPR, Ethiopia.Areka town is located about 382 km south from Addis Ababa, about 205 Ethiopia is among the countries most affected by HIV epidemic with an estimated 790,000 HIV positive people.According to the Ethiopian demographic survey, adult HIV prevalence in 2011 was estimated to be 1.5%.In addition, children under 15-years are also heavily affected and account for over 20% living with HIV in 2011 with prevalence in the urban and rural population 7.7% and 0.9% respectively.In the country, ART was first offered in July 2003 through 12 government hospitals on a co-payment basis.In early 2005, 211,000 men, women and children needed ART but only 16,400 were receiving it [3,4].
Adherence is taking the correct dose of medications, on schedule, and following dietary instructions.Unlike other chronic conditions, very high levels of adherence (> 95%) are required for ART to be effective for long term and to prevent the emergence of resistant viral strains.Poor adherence is linked to the development of drug resistance, higher mortality rates, lower rates of increase in CD4 cell count, lower rates of undetectable viral load, lower therapeutic success and increased hospital days [5,6].
The importance of ART is that it shortens illness duration, improves quality of life and survival of PLWHA through reduction of viral load and increasing the level of CD4 cells.However, lack of adherence to ART is a major challenge to AIDS care [7].

The conceptual frame work
The conceptual framework of this study is based on literature findings that showed factors which have

Facility Related factors
Counseling service    tion on socio-demographic, socio-economic and information on medication adherence.

Drug related factors
Data process and analysis: Completeness of the data was checked every day and entered and cleaned using EPI-data version 3.1 and exported to SPSS.To examine the influences of different variables on medication adherence and controlling for potential confounders, both binary and multiple logistic analyses were performed.Independent variables having p-value < 0.25 in the bivariate logistic regression analysis were entered into multivariable logistic regression analysis in order to control confounding effect.P-value of < 0.05% was considered significant in the final model.

Medication adherence assessment tool:
Non-adherence was identified by using validated Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS) which consists of 8 items with a dichotomous response (yes/no) with questions asking the patient to respond "yes" or "no" to items 1-7 and a 5 point Likert response for the last item.A positive response indicates a problem with adherence.Therefore, higher scores indicate that a patient is least-adherent to medications.The total score for each patient is the summation of the scores in each item [9].

Ethical considerations:
After obtaining approval of Ethical Review Board (ERB) of the College, an official letter of was sent to the hospital for study cooperation.Data was collected after permission was taken from the study subjects following a brief discussion with the patients on ART about the purpose and public health km from Hawassa, the capital of the SNNPR region.The hospital is rapidly expanding in terms of services it provides and infrastructures.It provides multidimensional aspects of care to clients who need health service.There are 6 specialty units and many follow-up services for both pediatric and adult patients.The study was conducted from July to August 2016.
Study design: An institutional based cross sectional descriptive study was conducted.

Study population: Patients on ART during the study period and who fulfill inclusion criteria.
Inclusion criteria for interviewees: Age above 18 years and those on ARV treatment for at least 3 months or more.
Exclusion criteria: Critically ill, unwilling and patients with documented mental illness.

Sample size and sampling technique:
The study was designed to collect data from all adult patients who were on their chronic care follow up, and willing to participate in the study as depicted in the Figure 2.Among 348 adult persons on ART, 320 participated in the final study (Figure 2).Out of this, 214 The majority of the participants had primary school complete 85.0% followed by holders of diploma and above 35.0%.As to occupation of the participants, majority of ART patients were found to be government employee 110 (34.4%) and merchants 70 (22%).
As to the living conditions of respondents, majority reported as they either live alone or together with their family, 128 (40%) and 120 (37.5) respectively (Table 1).It was also found that majority of respondents stayed 6-10 years, 112 (35%) followed by 1-5 years 68 (21.3%) since they started their ART (Table 2).
Only 30 (18.7%) of the respondents reported that they did not suffer from stigma due to their HIV status.But, majority 78 (48.7%) of respondents said that they avoid friends or relatives due to stigma during ARV treatment.Surprisingly, 113 (70.7%) of respondents reported that they use traditional methods of treatment in addition to HAART.Among respondents, 106 (66.2%) reported as they perceive HAART is effective to reduce their viral load and improve life.
Among the respondents, about 10% reported that their sex-partners were sero-negative (discordant) and 8.2% have not known their status yet.Majority, 135 (84.4%) of ART patients reported that they do not know about adverse effects of ARV drugs (Table 2).
As depicted in the Figure 3, this study also collected data on substance abuse and found that over all prevalence of substance use was found to be 69 (43%).Among these, majority 55 (79.7%) reported that they were using both alcohol and cigarette followed by drinking alcohol only 41 (59.4%) to relieve pain and depression associated with the disease (Figure 3).More than half, 182 (56.8%) of the respondents, were with documented comorbidities.Among those, it was found that the most common disease conditions other than HIV were TB 28.5%, fungal infections 21% and depression 17.5% (Table 3).

Medication adherence and perceived reasons for poor adherence (based on MMAS-8)
According to MMAS, 218 (68%) of respondents had good medication adherence (MMAS < 3) and 102 (32%) importance of the study.Data was collected only from those who were willing to participate.To maintain confidentiality, all respondents' data were anonymised.found to have poor medication adherence (MMAS ≥ 3).The patients were also asked to mention reasons or barriers for not-adhering to ARV drugs.The major reasons for not adhering to treatment were forgetting to take medications 44 (43%) followed by fear of adverse effects 30 (29%) (Figure 4).

Health care facility and health care providers influence on adherence to ARV treatment.
All of respondents [100%] said that they were able to follow their ARV treatment, they know the importance of following the course of treatment strictly, they were counseled especially before they were started on ARV treatment, privacy was maintained during consultations and agreed that it was important for HIV-patients to be counseled as they continue with ARV treatment because it helped to improve ART adherence.However, majority of respondents 84.4% did not know about the side effects and interactions of ARV drugs (Table 2).
As depicted above, distributions of ART drug regimens used by the HIV/AIDs patients at Dubbo St. Marry Hospital, more than 56% of the participants were tak-   Finally, the study has found that taking more than five drugs per day has increased the likelihood of poor medication adherence for about four times among ART patients at Dubbo St. Marry Hospital [AOR = 4.022, 95% CI = 1.665, 9.730] at p-value = 000 (Table 5).

Discussion
Unlike other chronic conditions, very high levels of adherence (> 95%) are required for ART to be effective for long term and to prevent the emergence of resistant viral strains.Poor adherence to ART can cause drug resistance, higher mortality rates, lower rates of increase in CD4 cell count, lower rates of undetectable viral load, lower therapeutic success, emergence of OIs and increased hospitalization [5,6].
As literatures revealed, it is difficult to measure adherence in the outpatient setting with absolute precision and accuracy as it may result in recall biases due to its dependence on patients' self-report.Therefore, researchers use variety of adherence assessment methods of which none is considered to be a gold standard.The current study used a validated Morisky Medication Adherence assessment method with the aim of assessing level of adherence and predictors of poor adherence among HIV/AIDS patients receiving Antiretroviral Therapy at Dubbo St. Marry Hospital.
Socio-demographically, out of 320 HIV/AIDS patients included in the study, 67% of were females and those ing TDF + 3TC + EFZ among a first line regimens.The most commonly used concurrent medications were CPT 192 (60%) followed by anti-TB drugs 52 (16.2%).It was found that the quarter (25.6%) of HIV/AIDs patients at Dubbo St. Marry Hospital were taking more than five drugs per day (poly-pharmacy) and about half (45%) of the respondents responded that they were taking their medications in BID bases (Table 4).

Predictors of poor medication adherence among ART patients
Bivariate analysis showed that there was significant association between medication adherence and age range of 21-30 years, illiteracy, monthly income, duration ART, self-stigma, comorbidity, living condition, substance use, male gender, number daily doses, types of  ancy of findings could partly be explained as the difference in methods used to assess adherence, income and difference in health care facility.

Variables
The most common reasons reported for poor adherence were simple forgetting to take medications (43%), fear of adverse effects (29%) followed by feeling hopelessness.This finding is in agreement with several studies conducted previously [12][13][14].As corroborated by many past studies too majority of ART patients report forgetting as the most common reason for their poor adherence.This could be due to the effect of the disease on thinking ability of the patients or resultant depression.
In the current study, 84.4% of ART patients reported that they do not know adverse effects resulted from found within the age range of mid-thirties to mid-forties (50.6%).This is consistent with N.C Talam, et al. study in Kenya [10].This is a clear indication that the disease affects a productive segment of the population in the country.
This study has found that level of medication adherence among ART patients at Dubbo St. Marry hospital was 60%.This is consistent with myriad of studies conducted in most developed countries which documented that HAART adherence rates range from 40% to 75%.This finding is higher than N.C Talam, et al. study in Kenya [10], which showed that 43.2% of respondents adhered to their medication.But, it is lower than the study done in north-west Ethiopia which shows that the adherence level of patients was 80.9% [11].The discrep- but comparable to other developing countries.Forgetting and fear of side effects were commonly reported as reasons for non-adherence.Statistically, poly-pharmacy, living alone, feeling self-stigma, AZT-based drug regimen and comorbidity independently predicted poor adherence.

Recommendations
Based on the above findings, the following recommendations are forwarded: • Strategies should be designed to enhance patients' awareness regarding ways to improve adherence, adverse effects and effectiveness of HAART.
• Refreshment trainings and clinical updates should be provided to heath care providers.
• Continuous community health education programs should be provided to avoid stigma and increasing social support to PLWHA.
ARV drugs.This could have a contribution to poor adherence as fear of toxicity for the drugs was found to be the second common reason of non-adherence especially AZT based drug regimens were found to be significantly associated with poor adherence.
Poor medication adherence among patients with comorbidity and those taking more than five pills per day was a fourfold in the current study.Similarly, use of substances, loneness, AZT based regimen, and self-stigma independently predicted poor medication adherence.This finding has consistency with study done in Australia which showed that alcohol consumption has significantly been associated with poor adherence [15].Sankar, et al. also found that loneliness is a key factor that influence adherence to ART [16].
Similarly, many other authors reported that the existence of significant relationships between several factors, non-adherence to combination therapy can result from forgetting, lack of motivation, and intolerance of side effects.As reported in the study conducted in southwest Ethiopia at the ART unit of Jimma University specialized hospital, depression was associated with non-adherence.Adherence was common among those who had social support systems.More than 75% of the respondents reported that they missed doses due to forgetting, feeling sick or ill, being busy, and running out of medications.A study conducted in the southern part of Ethiopia at Yirgalem Hospital found that the main reasons for non-adherence included being busy or simply forgetting, changes in daily routine, and being away from home [17].
In this study, there was no association between variables like gender, marital status, age and income which were found to be predictors of poor adherence in previous studies.The reason could be difference in adherence assessment methods, study design, socio-demography of the population etc.However, patients with previous history of hospitalization while on ART were found to be more adherent to their medication as compared to others.The reason might be partly explained as further investigation and assessment of patients' condition and adherence status by physicians, increased awareness about medication adherence and change in attitude they got from health professionals at the time of hospitalization could result in improved medication taking behaviors.

Limitations of the Study
Chance of recall bias in adherence assessment as it was based on respondents' self-report, absence of causality assessment for ADR, chart review may result in missing of some data.

Conclusions
Level of adherence (68%) among patients on ART at Dubbo St. Marry hospital was found to be suboptimal

Figure 1 :
Figure 1: Conceptual frame work of ART adherence and predictors of poor adherence among HIV/AIDS patients at Dubbo St. Marry Hospital Southern, Ethiopia, 2014.

Study variables 9 Figure 2 :
Figure 2: Schematic representation of sampling procedure during the period of data collection.

Table 2 :
Disease and patients related variables among HIV/ AIDS patients at Dubbo St. Marry Hospital, Southern Ethiopia, 2016 (N = 320).Variables Frequency Percent Duration of ART (length of time of ART in years) MMAS * < 3 (poor) MMAS > 3 (good)

Table 1 :
Basic socio-demographic attributes of HIV/AIDS patients at Dubbo St. Marry Hospital 2016.

Table 5 :
Predictors of poor medication adherence among patients on ART at Dubbo St. Marry Hospital, Southern Ethiopia, 2016 (N = 334).