Table 2: Protection periods of plant extracts and essential oils evaluated in Zimbabwe from 1990 to 2022.
|
Extract |
Plant |
Protection period |
Mosquito species |
Type of Study |
Reference |
|
Individual |
L. javanica |
8 hrs |
Ae. aegypti |
Laboratory study |
Lukwa, et al. [26] |
|
C. mopane |
2 hrs |
Ae. aegypti |
Laboratory study |
Kazembe and Jere [22] |
|
|
D. anomala |
1.5 hrs |
||||
|
L. javanica |
3.5 hrs |
||||
|
B. alata |
3.5 hrs |
Ae. aegypti |
Laboratory study |
Kazembe and |
|
|
B. pilosa |
2 hrs |
||||
|
C. ambrosioides |
3.5 hrs |
||||
|
O. americanum |
3.5 hrs |
Ae. aegypti |
Laboratory study |
Kazembe, et al. [27] |
|
|
B. alata |
3.5 hrs |
||||
|
C. frutescens |
2.5 hrs |
Ae. aegypti |
Laboratory study |
Kazembe and Makusha [29] |
|
|
C. papaya |
2.5 hrs |
||||
|
C. dactylon |
1.5 hrs |
||||
|
A. hepii |
1.0 hrs |
Ae. aegypti |
Laboratory study |
Kazembe and Chauruka [30] |
|
|
C. citratus |
1.5 hrs |
||||
|
O. gratissimum |
0.5 hrs |
||||
|
Mixtures
|
C. mopane + D. anomala |
2.5 hrs |
Ae. aegypti |
Laboratory study |
Kazembe and Jere [22] |
|
C. mopane + L. javanica |
4 hrs |
||||
|
D. anomala + L. javanica |
3 hrs |
||||
|
C. mopane + D. anomala + L. javanica |
4 hrs |
||||
|
B. alata + B. pilosa |
3.5 hrs |
Ae. aegypti |
Laboratory study |
Kazembe and |
|
|
B. alata + C. ambrosioides |
4.5 hrs |
||||
|
B. pilosa + C. ambrosioides |
3.5 hrs |
||||
|
O. americanum + B. alata |
6 hrs |
Ae. aegypti |
Laboratory study |
Kazembe, et al. [27] |
|
|
C. frutescens + C. papaya |
4 hrs |
Ae. aegypti |
Laboratory study |
Kazembe and Makusha [29] |
|
|
C. frutescens + C. dactylon |
3 hrs |
||||
|
C. papaya + C. dactylon |
2.5 hrs |
||||
|
C. frutescens + C. papaya + C. dactylon |
4 hrs |
||||
|
O. gratissiumum + A. hepii |
1.5 hrs |
Ae. aegypti |
Laboratory study |
Kazembe and Chauruka [30] |
|
|
O. gratissimum + C. citratus |
2.5 hrs |
||||
|
A. hepii + C. citratus |
3.5 hrs |