Table 1: Characteristics of the studies and common points between these.
Author | Year | n | Gender (M/W) | Average Age (M/W and total) | Fragments of interest |
Harmon KG, et al. [6] |
2000 |
Compilation of articles |
Female increased predisposition to ACL ruptures Intrinsic factors: Ligamentous laxity Hormonal influences (more ACL laxity at progesterone and estrogen peaks, increased laxity in pregnancy and in ovulatory phase) Biomechanical alignment (more femoral anteversion, larger Q-Angle, increased external tibial torsion, more overpronation, an increased thigh-foot angle) Extrinsic factors: Conditioning, experience, skill, muscle strength and recruitment and hamstring activation. |
||
Dugan SA [7] |
2005 |
Compilation of articles |
Female higher risk than men Sex hormones and menstrual cycle (higher risk follicular and ovulatory phase) Anatomic consideration (Q-Angle, joint laxity, …) Dynamic neuromuscular imbalances (differences in landing and other movement strategies) Neuromuscular patterns (same incidence in dominant and non-dominant knee, quadriceps-dominant pattern in females) |
||
Fayad LM, et al. [8] |
2008 |
63 |
33/30 |
-/- (43) |
Females 2 to 8 times higher risk of ACL tears Anatomic consideration: Smaller females' cross-sectional area, smaller femoral intercondylar notch width in women, also females have a smaller ACL volume than males and differences in Q-Angle. |
Park SK, et al. [9] |
2009 |
26 healthy women (unknown age) |
Greater laxity during ovulation Reduction in knee stiffness during ovulation |
||
Boguszewski DV, et al. [10] |
2015 |
47 |
22/25 |
34.6/28.4 (31.5) |
70% ACL ruptures by non-contact situations Females 2 to 8 times higher risk of ACL injuries than male Increased joint laxity Reduced knee stiffness |
Larruskain J, et al. [11] |
2017 |
85 |
50/35 |
25/25 (25) |
Contact injuries higher for men For ACL ruptures five times more common in women Severe injuries of knee and ankle ligament more frequent in women 2-3 times higher risk of ACL ruptures in women than men → differences in biomechanics and neuromuscular control |
Schilaty ND, et al. [5] |
2018 |
39 |
19/20 |
43.1/40.0 (41.55) |
Female higher risk than men Non-contact injury Biomechanics changes Neuromuscular control Sex differences: kinematics, stiffness and recruitment strategies. |