Table 1: Exercise and microbiota studies.
| Reference | Exercise training | Subjects | Groups | Analyses of gut microbiota | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Matsumoto, et al. [28] | Voluntary exercise; 5 weeks | Animals | Exercised and sedentary group | PCR-TGGE and a sequencing analysis for bacterial DNA and HPLC for organic acids |
Increase of n-butyrate concentrations and butyrate-producing bacteria in exercise group. |
| Choi, et al. [29] | Voluntary exercise; 5 weeks | Animals | Model of Poly Chlorinated Biphenyls (PCB) administration in exercise and sedentary groups |
PhyloChip Array | Exercise attenuates the decrease of the abundance of bacterial taxa and the phylum Proteobacteria after PCB-treatment in both groups. Exercise was capable to attenuate PCB-induced changes |
| Queipo-Ortuño, et al. [30] | Voluntary exercise; 6 days | Animals | Model of caloric restriction in exercise and sedentary groups |
V2-V3 regions 16S rRNA, PCR-DGGE and qPCR |
Increase of the phylum Proteobacteria, decrease of phyla richness and of the genus Bifidobacteria was observed in exercise plus CR group. Moreover, this group showed increase in Clostridium and Enterococcus and decrease of B.coccoides- E. rectal and Lactobacillus unlike the changes in exercise group without CR. |
| Evans, et al. [25] | Voluntary exercise; 12 weeks | Animals | Model of LFD and HFD in exercise and sedentary groups |
V4 region 16S rRNA, TRFLP and qPCR |
Exercise increased Bacteroidetes and decreased Firmicutes in both LFD and HFD groups and displayed a trend toward to increase Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio. Actinobacteria levels were lower in LFD-e than LFD-s. Also, exercise increased the content of the families Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae and decreased Lactobacillaceae in both diets. |
| Kang, et al. [45] | Controlled exercise; 60 min/d; 5 d/week; 16 weeks |
Animals | Model of ND and HFD in exercise and sedentary groups |
V3-V5 regions 16S rRNA, Illumina MiSeq and qPCR |
Exercise was capable to reduce the levels of Streptococcus genus in HFD group. Also, there was a significant increase in Firmicutes and decrease in Bacteroidetes phyla in HFD-e compared to HFD-s. |
| Petriz, et al. [32] | Controlled exercise; 30 min/d; 5 d/week; 4 weeks | Animals | Control, hypertensive and obese groups | V5-V6 regions 16S rRNA, 454 GS FLX Titanium sequencer platform (pyrosequecing) |
Exercise reduced Streptococcus genus in control rats, increased of Allobaculum genus and reduced Aggregatibacter and Suturella in hypertensive rats and increased Lactobacillus levels in obese rats. At post exercise, only obese rats showed more abundance of some bacteria species. |
| Lambert, et al. [35] | Controlled exercise; LIT; 5 d/week; 6 weeks | Animals | Diabetic type II and control groups | qPCR | Exercise increased the abundance of Firmicutes species (Lactobacillus spp. and Clostridium leptum cluster IV) and reduced Bacteroides/Prevotella spp. and Methanobrevibacter spp. in both control and diabetic groups. Bifidobacterium spp. was greater in exercised control but not diabetic group. |
| Liu, et al. [31] | Voluntary exercise; 11 weeks | Animals (Ovariectomized female rats) | Model of LCR and HCR in exercise and sedentary groups; all groups with HFD |
V4 region 16S rRNA, Illumina MiSeq | Exercise decreased the abundance of Firmicutes in LCR and increased in HCR group. Also, it was capable to increase Proteobacteria and Cyanobacteria phyla in LCR, but decreased in HCR group. At family level, exercise decreased the abundance of Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae in LCR, but increased in HCR. Exercise increased Clostridiaceae and, mainly, Clostridium genus, in both exercise groups. |
| Mika, et al. [34] | Voluntary exercise; 6 weeks | Animals | Healthy juveniles and adults with exercise and sedentary groups |
V4 region 16S rRNA, qPCR | The juvenile runners, although less diverse and richness than their adults counterparts, showed more changes as an increase in Bacteroidetes and a decrease in Firmicutes and Proteobacteria phyla, which remains over 25 days even without exercise. |
| Campbell, et al. [26] | Voluntary exercise; 12 weeks | Animals | Model of ND and HFD in exercise and sedentary groups |
TRFLP and 454 GS FLX 454 Genome Sequencer platform (pyrosequencing) |
Allobaculum spp. and Clostridiales were enriched within the exercise group in ND. Faecalibacterium prausnitzi was detected only in exercise groups in both ND and HFD and Lachnospiraceae was not present in the HFD-e or HFD-s groups. |
| Denou, et al. [33] | Controlled exercise; HIIT; 3 d/week; 6 weeks | Animals | Model of ND and obesity-inducing HFD in exercise and sedentary groups |
V3 region 16S rRNA, Illumina MiSeq and qPCR | HIIT increased the overall richness of the microbiota in the colon of obese mice, mainly, within Bacteroidetes phylum and Bacteroidales order unlike to the gut microbiota composition in HFD-s group. |
| Clarke, et al. [27] | No intervention | Humans | Athletes (rugby players) and healthy untrained controls | V4 region 16S rRNA, 454 Genome Sequencer FLX platform (pyrosequencing) |
Athletes showed a higher richness with less abundance of Bacteroidetes phylum. The family Akkermansiaceae and the genus Akkermansia showed higher levels in athletes when compared to control group with high BMI and lower levels of Bacteroides, Lactobacillaceae and Lactobacillus when compared to control group with low BMI. |
d: day; LIT: Low Intensity Training; HIIT: High Intensity Interval Training; LFD: Low Fat Diet; ND: Normal Diet; HFD: High Fat Diet; LFD-e: Low Fat Diet plus exercise; LFD-s: Low Fat Diet within sedentary group; HFD-e: High Fat Diet plus exercise; HFD-s: High Fat Diet within sedentary group; LCR: Low Capacity Running; HCR: High Capacity Running.