| Type of Diabetes | Type of transplanted cells | Follow-up | Outcome | Reference | |
| 1 | Newly diagnosed T1DM (n=20) NCT01068951 | Autologous MSC | blood C-peptide level in response to a mixed-meal tolerance test (MMTT) during 1-year follow-up | preserved or even increased C-peptide peak value in TX group loss in both C-peptide peak values in control group | [62] |
| 2 | Newly onset T1DM (n=29) | Wharton's jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells | both the HbA1c and C peptide level during next 21 months | Better level of both HbA1c and C peptide | [59] |
| 3 | T1DM (n=15) | Autologous umbilical cord blood infusion followed by 1 year of supplementation with vitamin D and docosahexaenoic acid | C-peptide level; CD4/CD8 ratio | The absolute rate of C-peptide decline was slower in treated subjects but failed to reach significance. CD4/CD8 ratio remained stable in treated subjects. | [58] |
| 4 | T1DM (n=3) | Autologous bone marrow stem cell (liver puncture) | HbA1c ,c-peptide level, Islets Cells Antibody (ICA), Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase (GAD) and insulin antibody | In two treated patients: negative value in ICA, GAD and anti insulin antibody levels, with an increased levels of c peptide and decreased levels of HbA1c. | [61] |
| 5 | T1DM (n=15); median diabetic history was 8 years | Stem Cell Educator (Separated lymphocytes from the peripheral whole blood co-cultured with adherent cord blood-derived multipotent stem cells. returned to the patient's circulation | Blood C-peptide, HbA1c, daily dose of insulin. Immunological monitoring during 40 weeks | markedly improve C-peptide levels, reduce the HbA1C values, decrease the daily dose of insulin increased expression of co-stimulating molecules (CD28 and ICOS), increases in the number of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs, and restoration of Th1/Th2/Th3 cytokine balance | [66] |
| 6 | T1DM (n=15) NCT00315133 | Autologous nonmyeloablative hematopoietic stem cell transplantation | Decrease in insulin requirement | became insulin free with normal levels of glycated hemoglobin A(1c) (HbA(1c)) during a mean 18.8-month follow-up | [67] |
| 7 | T1DM NCT00690066 | PROCHYMAL® (Ex Vivo Cultured Adult human mesenchymal stem cells) | both the HbA1c and C peptide level | The study is Finished in 2014 but the data is not published | https://clinicaltrials.gov |
| 8 | T2DM (n=18) | Umbilical cord MSC | FPG, PBG, HbA1c, C-peptide, and Treg were followed up in the first, third, and sixth month | FBG and PBG of the patients in TX group were significantly reduced. Plasma C-peptide levels and Treg cell number in the TXgroup were numerically higher but did not reach significance (p > 0.05). | [63] |
| 9 | T2DM with triple oral antidiabetic drug failure and requiring insulin ≥0.4 IU per kg per day (n=21) | Autologous bone marrow-derived stem cell | End point: a reduction in insulin requirement by ≥50% from baseline while maintaining HbA1c < 7% 12 months | significant decrease in the insulin dose requirement along with an improvement in the stimulated C-peptide levels | [68] |
| 10 | T2DM with failure of triple oral antidiabetic drugs, and on insulin (>0.7 U/kg/day) (n=10) | Autologous bone marrow-derived stem cell | Decrease in insulin requirement by ≥50% | Significant reduction in insulin requirement (60% of patients), significant improvement in glucagon-stimulated C-peptide level | [69] |
| 11 | Diabetic patients with critical limb ischaemia (n=7) | Autologous mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), from granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)-mobilised peripheral blood | neurological signs, wound healing and the rate of lower-limb amputation | Pain was significantly reduced; ankle-brachial index and the pulse strength were significantly improved; , lower limb amputation | [70] |
| 12 | T2DM (n=118) | Autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells (injected into the patient's pancreas) | HbA1c and C-peptide level | HbA1c and C-peptide in TX group were significantly improved | [60] |
| 13 | T2D (n=10) | human placenta-derived MSC | Decreased daily mean dose of insulin Increased -peptide level, renal function and cardiac function were improved | [71] | |
| 14 | T2D critical limb ischemia and foot ulcer (n=41) | Bonemarrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMS), Bonemarrow-derived mononuclear cells | improvements in limb perfusion | painless walking time ;ankle-brachial index, transcutaneous oxygen pressure were more improved in BMMS group | [72] |
| 15 | T2DM for >5 years with failure of triple oral antidiabetic drugs, and on insulin (> or = 0.7 U/kg/day) (n=10) | Autologous bone marrow-derived stem cell | End point: a reduction in insulin requirement by ≥50% from baseline and improvement in glucagon-stimulated C-peptide levels | Significant reduction in insulin requirement, significant improvement in both fasting and glucagon-stimulated C-peptide level | [73] |
| T2DM: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus; T1DM: Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus; FPG: Fasting Plasma Glucose; PBG: Postprandial Blood Glucose; regulatory T cells: Treg; Treated Group: TX group; HbA1C: Glycated Hemoglobin A1C | |||||