Table 3: Risk of bias among the included studies, according to the joanna briggs institute assessment tool [22].
Author |
Were the criteria for inclusion in the sample clearly defined? |
Were the study subjects and the setting described in detail? |
Was the exposure measured in a valid and reliable way?
|
Were objective, standard criteria used for measurement of the condition?
|
Were confounding factors identified?
|
Were strategies to deal with confounding factors stated?
|
Were the outcomes measured in a valid and reliable way?
|
Was appropriate statistical analysis used?
|
Minani, et al. 1996 [4] |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
NA |
Yes |
Yes |
Hisatomi, et al. 2003 [5] |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
NA |
Yes |
Yes |
Asaumi, et al. 2005 [7] |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
NA |
Yes |
Yes |
Konouchi, et al. 2006 [8] |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
NA |
Yes |
Yes |
Hisatomi, et al. 2011 [9] |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
NA |
Yes |
Yes |
Srinivasan, et al. 2012 [14] |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
NA |
Yes |
Yes |
Kheir, et al. 2013 [15] |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
No |
NA |
Yes |
Yes |
Apajalahti, et al. 2015 [23] |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
NA |
Yes |
Yes |
Probst, et al. 2015 [10] |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
No |
NA |
Yes |
Yes |
Han, et al. 2018 [11] |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
NA |
Yes |
Yes |
Juerchott, et al. 2018 [16] |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
No |
NA |
Yes |
Yes |
Lizio, et al. 2018 [24] |
Yes |
No |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
NA |
Yes |
Yes |
Ogura, et al. 2019 [12] |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
NA |
Yes |
Yes |
Baba, et al. 2020 [13] |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
NA |
Yes |
Yes |
Vanagundi, et al. 2020 [17] |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
NA |
Yes |
Yes |
Wamasing, et al. 2021 [18] |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
NA |
Yes |
Yes |