A Critical Review and Future Directions for Research : Personality and Social Entrepreneurial Success

Probably millions of people across the world dream of starting their own business, a fraction of them may gather the courage and resources to pursue their ambitions, and still, even a smaller fraction of those may persevere through the challenges and inevitable disappointments, entrepreneurial process may present. FInally, a very small number of entrepreneurs succeed in achieving their objectives. What determines the difference in behaviours and attitudes of these individuals? Why some never seek available opportunities, while other dig out hidden potential in coal and convert it to gold? Why would some entrepreneurs give up half way in between; while others would overcome every obstacle, they may find in the way of achieving success. In addition to personality, which remains the largest area of psychological research in social entrepreneurship; recent research has also cited the significance of a personality attribute, matched to the specific tasks, each stage of an entrepreneurship might require, as a significant predictor of performance. In the current paper, we argue that just the trait approach to understanding underpinning personality dimensions to entrepreneurship is not sufficient. An understanding of the dynamic psychological functions and attitudes, as delineated by Jung will facilitate understanding of the strengths and weaknesses a potential entrepreneur may exhibit in any given situation. [4], as over 3.5 million new businesses are initiated each year in the United States; while Fortune 500 was reported to lose over 500 million jobs [5]. Conceptual and empirical predilections have been applied by academics as well as management experts [6] through hundreds of research studies, in an attempt to disentangle the complex, multi-dimensional process of entrepreneurship [7]. This is only a recent development as until 1980s, entrepreneurship was a peripheral perusal of individuals seeking their own source of income [8]; and the term ‘social entrepreneur’ was not coined until the year 1984 [9]. Despite numerous attempts over past two decades, there still exists a degree of scepticism in outlining the rudimentary elements for the concept of social entrepreneurship [10-13]. The number of self-employed enterprises is constantly rising, and they are at the peak of their success, recognition and glory than ever before in the human history. It has been widely acknowledged that only certain individuals with distinctive personality types may initiate and succeed in entrepreneurship initiatives [14]. Being able to predict the likelihood of someone succeeding in an entrepreneurship venture is of high significance to funding agencies as they receive millions of applications every year from potential entrepreneurs. They must ensure that their limited funding goes into the right hands and that they get some returns on their investment. Personality screening is thus of high relevance to the field of entrepreneurship. The key Review ARticle

, as over 3.5 million new businesses are initiated each year in the United States; while Fortune 500 was reported to lose over 500 million jobs [5].
Conceptual and empirical predilections have been applied by academics as well as management experts [6] through hundreds of research studies, in an attempt to disentangle the complex, multi-dimensional process of entrepreneurship [7].This is only a recent development as until 1980s, entrepreneurship was a peripheral perusal of individuals seeking their own source of income [8]; and the term 'social entrepreneur' was not coined until the year 1984 [9].Despite numerous attempts over past two decades, there still exists a degree of scepticism in outlining the rudimentary elements for the concept of social entrepreneurship [10][11][12][13].
The number of self-employed enterprises is constantly rising, and they are at the peak of their success, recognition and glory than ever before in the human history.It has been widely acknowledged that only certain individuals with distinctive personality types may initiate and succeed in entrepreneurship initiatives [14].Being able to predict the likelihood of someone succeeding in an entrepreneurship venture is of high significance to funding agencies as they receive millions of applications every year from potential entrepreneurs.They must ensure that their limited funding goes into the right hands and that they get some returns on their investment.Personality screening is thus of high relevance to the field of entrepreneurship.The key

Introduction
A dramatic growth of self-employment has sparked significant interest of social scientists and political authorities in the field of entrepreneurship [1][2][3].World economy has recently been heavily relying on the revenue generated by entrepreneurial development issue in entrepreneurship research is of identifying a definite or at least a predictable set of personality traits underpinning entrepreneurship success as that is required by the screening procedures of the funding agencies.

Origins of the Term Entrepreneur and its Definition
The origin of the word entrepreneur is the French word 'Enterprendre' which was translated in English word 'entrepreneur' by John Stewart Mill [15].Webster's dictionary defines an entrepreneur as "one who organizes, manages, and assumes the risks of a business and enterprise.Entrepreneurship is also defined as "the process of creating something new with value by devoting the necessary time and effort, assuming the accompanying financial, psychic and social risks, time and effort; as well as receiving the resulting rewards of monetary and personal satisfaction; and independence".
An elementary definition of social entrepreneurship can be argued to be: people who engages in entrepreneurial activities to resolve social issues [9,11,[16][17][18][19][20].This is however, misleading and an incomplete portrayal of social entrepreneurs as there is no mention of their underpinning psychological attributes, behaviours and personality [21]; and is quite idealistic [9,11,18,19].In depth analysis of various definitions postulated by social scientists over a decade reveal commonalities: 1. Some theorists have adopted an idealistic stance, thereby restricting social entrepreneurial activities to social value creation without any monetary profit.
In reality, however a more balanced approach is found to be practical and sustainable [5,20,22].
2. Psychological attributes such as risk taking, motivation and creativity are of paramount significance in determining the success of any entrepreneurial venture [23].
3. A close examination of the definitions also reveals a relevance of considering variant personality traits for different stages of the entrepreneurial process; such as greater risk taking may be required during the initial stages of seeking an opportunity, while a higher degree of motivation and creativity may become necessary for execution of the ideas stage.

Social and Commercial Entrepreneurs: A Discussion on Differences and Similarities
The academic interest in social entrepreneurship is relatively more recent than the entrepreneurial research [16,20,[24][25][26][27].However, both groups work towards achieving similar aims of exploiting opportunities, creating new markets and enhancing productivity, thus benefitting the society [11,[28][29][30].Nevertheless, it is equally important to acknowledge that the key distinguishing feature between commercial and social entrepreneurs lies in their personal motives and value propositions.Primary motives of social entrepreneurs are public welfare and social justice [20,[31][32][33], while commercial entrepreneurs are focused more on personal monetary profit [29].Target customer groups for a commercial entrepreneur are the people who hold the inclination as well as resources to invest in their innovations; on the other hand, social entrepreneurs target socially neglected, disadvantaged and downtrodden sectors of the population.This distinction creates two very different metrics for assessing success of commercial vs. social entrepreneurship.Personal gains for the entrepreneur as well as the stakeholders would be the intended outcome for a commercial entrepreneurship but an observable, positive impact in the lives of targeted social group would be essential for a social entrepreneurship to be successful [11,29,32].
Social entrepreneurs are essentially like commercial entrepreneurs in terms of their ability and initiative to locate, identify and pursue a new business opportunity; however, a major distinction lies in the goals and intentions of the two groups.Social entrepreneurs aim to resolve a social problem from the outset and may even share a proportion of their monetary profit with the disadvantaged group [16,18,19,[34][35][36].Commercial entrepreneurs, on the other hand, intend to make money for personal gains, from day one!There is nothing ethically or legally wrong with the latter group, but social entrepreneurs just own a different set of priorities [37,38].
Classic or social, both groups of entrepreneurs are known to exhibit a distinct set of psychological attributes that allows them to detect a relevant business niche area, generate adequate sources of funding, develop and offer exciting products and services that may satisfy some needs of the targeted customer group.The overarching focus on social value creation of the social entrepreneur group allows them a greater degree of freedom in offering services that may not seem to be highly profitable in the first instance but guarantees satisfaction of certain needs [11,39].
The important question to consider here is whether such differences require a different set of psychological attributes?Perhaps not.Comparing what we know about skill sets needed by commercial and social entrepreneurs, it seems that a lot of skills are similar at first glance.Tracey and Phillips [40] noted that "social entrepreneurs need all the same skills and expertise as more traditional entrepreneurs when they build their businesses" (p.268).In accordance with empirical research results, social scientists and economists and even politicians unanimously agree for the presence of certain, distinguishing personality traits [41] amongst the group of entrepreneurs [42,43] and social entrepreneurs [44,45], alike.
Despite such overwhelming evidence for the significance of personality traits in determining entrepre- neurial actions, other studies have still reported a small degree of explanatory power and predictive validity of individual personality as a variable in entrepreneurship research [46,47].In a meta-analysis conducted by Rauch and Frese [48], a significant relationship was found between personality traits and business tasks at various stages of running an enterprise; and this association had a significant impact on the business outcome.So, personality traits were found to be important, only when they are matched to a particular business task, such as seeking funding, hiring manpower, or execution of a plan.Generic personality traits had little significance to the overall business outcome.We argue that it is a combination of psychological attributes that may form an individual's personality style, which is significant in determining entrepreneurial actions and efficiency, not just single traits [49].Furthermore, recent findings also indicated that underpinning psychological attributes may vary for determining efficiency at different stages of an entrepreneurial process [50].

Relevance of Personality Research in Entrepreneurship Literature
Personality as a topic of study interests several disciplines and it is considered multi-faceted in nature.A variety of overlapping definitions have therefore been proposed to understand this phenomenon.Personality traits are defined as "enduring patterns of perceiving, relating to, and thinking about the environment and oneself that are exhibited in a wide range of social and personal contexts" [51].Gordon Allport was one of the proponents in the personality research who argued it to be a dynamic integration of psychological systems inherent and unique to an individual's behaviours and adaptation to their environment [52].Burger [53] emphasised on the interpersonal nature of a person's personality.Mount, et al. [54] argued personality to be determinant of an individual's emotions, cognitions and behaviours; thus, determining their unique identity.
Despite the current, universal agreement amongst scientists on the unique personality and psychological attributes of entrepreneurs and social entrepreneurs, alike [55], literature lacks consensus on the specific characteristics that may determine an entrepreneurs' actions [56].During 1980s, majority of publications either denied or argued for an insignificant contribution of personality attributes in determining entrepreneurial success [57].It was through studies comparing employed managers and self-employed entrepreneurs that formidable nature of personality research was noted [47,58,59].Specific personality dimensions of risk taking, motivation, locus of control, creativity, assertiveness, the need for achievement, innovation, independence, risktaking propensity, Type-A behavior, and tolerance for ambiguity and initiative are some of the commonly and consistently found personality dimensions in groups of social entrepreneurs [48,[60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68].A deeper examination of the definitions would also indicate the presence of these underpinning psychological attributes.For example, the definition by Tan [69] explicitly states risk taking and innovation as a part of the entrepreneurial profile.The definition by Ashoka [70], Mort, et al. [37] and Peredo and McClean [71] discusses ambition and persistence as important attributes, which requires motivation and internal locus of control.Furthermore, 'offering new ideas' bit of this definition would indicate creative side of entrepreneurs.Mair And Marti [11] also postulates creativity and motivational aspects of entrepreneurship by stating innovation and change making in their definitions.
Another popular stream of research in the field of personality analysis of entrepreneurs relates to the big five personality traits [55].The big five personality traits of neuroticism, extraversion, conscientiousness, openness and agreeableness have been known to be associated with commercial entrepreneurship [42,43] and social entrepreneurship [44,45].

Relevance of Personality Research in Social Entrepreneurship
Use of personality dimensions in screening and recruitment of individuals for specific roles was initiated by Cattell in 1946 who identified 16 distinct personality factors that may determine an individual's behaviours and performance in a role.Cattell's 16 factors are still routinely used in the recruitment and performance development sectors by big organizations; as such personality traits are known to be predictive of an individual's performance.However, for some, 16 factors were just too much information to deal with for a lay person, so a condensed version of Big five personality traits was proposed by Norman in 1963.Big five personality factors of agreeableness, conscientiousness, extraversion, neuroticism, and openness to experience were tested and re-tested and empirically confirmed to be associated with entrepreneurial personality by rigorous research studies [72][73][74].
In essence, the role of entrepreneurs.Involves selling of their ideas, products or services to the potential funders as well as customers, which requires extraversion [73,75].Entrepreneurship also involves adoption to change [76] and exhibition of novel approaches to creating new business strategies, products or services and solving problems [73].These traits are indicative of the openness to change dimension of the Big five personality model [77].
Furthermore, entrepreneurs are known to be highly self-assured and self-confident about their ability to induce change or innovate for the benefit of the larger society or economy [78], which makes them score low on the tests of neuroticism [79,80].Possession of a high motivation to achieve goals and strive for excellence complete all tasks within deadlines is referred to as conscientiousness.Highly conscientious people are usually hard-working, dependable, zealous, enterprising, and determined [73].Another strength exhibited by people with high conscientiousness is their ability to stay motivated, excel and accomplish in high-demanding, unstructured tasks [89,90].All these traits are central to ensuring success in entrepreneurial life and will ensure their survival during the most challenging phases of their business [91].At the same individuals with high conscientiousness are also known to be significantly moral and uphold ethical values at all the times, thereby gaining the trust of those around them [92].This quality makes them even more eligible for the role of a social entrepreneur.Most screening tests used for employment recruitment would value candidates scoring high on this dimension.

Openness to experience
In the entrepreneurship context, adaptability and openness to new experiences have been cited as important characteristics because an entrepreneurship culture would inevitably encourage frequent and constant change [93].People who score high on the measures of openness to experience are often unconventional, flexible, adaptable and broad minded.While, the idea of a change may cause panic in regular population, an aspiring entrepreneur must exhibit a natural appeal for embracing change as they set out on this journey [94].The extent to which an entrepreneur is able to identify an opportunity in uncertainty and is willing to venture into the unknown has been shown to be associated with entrepreneurial performance [95].People who are active, imaginative, curious, exhibit a preference for variety and behold aesthetic sensitivity tend to be broad-minded, also known as open to new experiences.Open people also tend to be reflective, unconventional, independent and easy-going [92,96].Openness allows them to embrace and absorb new experiences willingly and develop a wide perspective.They are often curious minded, seeking to explore new ideas and are therefore competent at 'cross-fertilization of ideas'.Any entrepreneurship begins by identification of an opportunity that may match their vision for 'change in global economy' [29,97].Openness dimension of Big 5 traits is associated with intellectual curiosity, creativity, imagination and a strong liking for variety.This process requires an entrepreneur to be really 'sharp' and 'alert' to the target environment.Openness is also closely associated with an individual's risk-taking propensity and ability; and that is a fundamental requirement for being successful as an entrepreneur.

Agreeableness
Pro-social behaviours, friendliness, caring, compassionate, gentle, soft-spoken, cooperative, all these traits are the constituents of agreeable personality dimension, which is known to help them develop positive in-in all their initiatives is known to be associated with conscientiousness, a trait and which entrepreneurs score really high [81,82].For the last dimension of agreeableness on the big five personality model, low scores are generally preferred for entrepreneurs as that gives them the much-needed competitive attitude [73].

Extraversion
As discussed in Jung's typology, extraversion implies 'outward focused'.Extravert people are known to enjoy social settings and frequently engage in meet and greet with other people.They are known to be highly talkative, cheerful and self-assured, enabling them to initiate and sustain conversations with other people [83].Extraversion is about finding the right amounts of passion and enthusiasm to get into meaningful, two-way conversations with people and being able to effectively suppress the expression of socially inappropriate, overwhelming achievements, ambitions and impulses [84].Such competencies allow them to develop a good social network [85].Introvert people, on the other hand, are 'inward oriented', they avoid social contact, unless it is absolutely necessary.Even while interacting with other individuals, introverts tend to be reserved, quiet, inhibited and hesitant in expressing ideas that are not fully developed/validated, because they fear being judged or negatively evaluated [86].Extraversion is at the core of a social/classic entrepreneurial initiative as they are required to create and sustain social networks, hire people and establish strongly productive teams, stay in regular touch with other stakeholders, such as sponsors and customers; as well as engage in other activities such as sales and marketing, which may require high levels of social skills [73].

Neuroticism
The tendency to get anxious, upset, irritable and insecure by small changes in the environment is known as neuroticism.Neurotic people usually experience a greater degree of negative emotional states such as guilt, anger, hostility, depression, fear etc. Excessive negativity may lead to the development of a dubious irrationality in their thoughts and behaviour.They tend to be mistrusting, often impulsive and fail to negotiate their ways in conflicting situations [87].However, such a personality can sometimes be exceptionally candid about other peoples' strengths and weaknesses, thus providing a valuable insight and sparking an honest stream of conversations that may lead to productive and creative meetings [88].On the other hand, people with low neuroticism, tend to be calm, composed, selfconfident and relaxed in the face of stressful situations [73].In reality, a balance between the two extremes of this personality type have been shown to most beneficial for a person's performance in a job [89].

Conscientiousness
The ability to organize, plan, persist and diligently always extend infinite opportunities on a continuum and it will be impossible to determine the potential of individuals in running their own enterprise.We should therefore not turn our backs to the other fascinating and relevant stream of explanation of type theories.
One may argue that type theories were discarded to be a reliable explanation for personality during 1980s and that it is considered 'outdated' by some in current times.But it is equally well documented that despite inundated findings on personality research in the field of entrepreneurship, no conclusive theories could be founded; partly because of variation in the types of traits entrepreneurs present across different studies.This variation is not attributable to a flaw in any research study's design, it is due to the fact that a combination of several traits is responsible for entrepreneurial actions.Successful entrepreneurs also very well display discrete, stable characteristics over time, because of the consistency in the nature of challenges they are confronted with during various stages of an enterprise creation.It is comparable to an intelligence test.A specific set of skills are required to accurately complete the complexities inherent in an IQ test and that doesn't change across individuals or situations.Similarly, entrepreneurship is a complex process that requires specialized skill sets and the inherent challenges an entrepreneurship process offers are predictable and consistent across situations.There are certain prerequisites for successfully establishing and running one's own business; thus, specific personality types are indeed better oriented to fulfill those expectations, an enterprise creation beholds.Such a typology will not limit individuals into pre-formed categories but will provide the much-needed consistency and predictability to entrepreneurship research.
For example, a personality type, authoritarianism, first proposed by Gordon Allport in the year 1954, in his book titled 'The Nature of Prejudice', was widely applauded and internationally recognized for gaining insights into the reasons why so many people sympathized with the inhumane actions of Hitler during World War II.Same personality type was recently found to be one of the most significant predictors of American voters' preference for Donald Trump during US presidential elections [99].Universal personality types are therefore relevant.

Type Theory: Carl Jung's Model of Personality
One of the predecessors of type theories was Carl Jung who proposed 16 distinct personality types based on four functions and two attitudes.Jung's theory offers the balance between trait vs. type stability debate as it acknowledges the fact that an individual's behaviours and choices are a result of their inherent predispositions with environmental circumstances.Human psychology is far too complex to restrict them into discrete categories.So, neither trait nor type theories provide a sufficient ter-personal relationships [83].Highly agreeable people want to stay in consensus and 'be with the majority', all the time, thus avoid confrontations and conflict.Such an attitude may get them to be liked and accepted by the majority, but they lack the competitive stride and fail to get enough credit for their hard work and contributions [98].Highly agreeable people are thus bad negotiators and can rarely persuade or manipulate anyone into doing something that might serve the purpose of self-gain and self-protection [73].On the other hand, people scoring low on agreeable dimension are known to be selfish, manipulative, but at the same time competitive and ruthless in working towards their goals, which is required for succeeding in entrepreneurial ventures [92].
The big five personality traits are thus, relevant and useful in determining the potential of an individual at excelling in an entrepreneurship.Each dimension of the big five trait model acts like a psychological pillar to the entrepreneurship dream an individual might have.However, it might not be the sufficient perspective to account for all the complexities involved in setting up and making an enterprise successful.

Trait vs. Type Approach
The big five personality theory postulated that a degree of variation will be noted in their presentation in an individual's personality.Traits are argued to be part of a continuum; and a person may not always be extravert or neurotic; they may behave on the opposite end of a gradient leading from neuroticism to emotional stability at other times, which will also reflect in their behaviour and attitude.There is thus a degree of uncertainty in determining the precise personality traits of a successful social entrepreneur.There is no doubt that a constellation of personality traits determines the actions and effectiveness of those actions in social entrepreneurship.It is therefore relevant to direct our discussion to another perspective of type theories in personality research, which advocates for the presence of discrete, more stable personality types that may be predictive of an individual's behaviours in any given situation.In this context, it is relevant to quote Walter Mischel from 1968, who had argued that "with the possible exception of intelligence, highly generalized behavioral consistencies have not been demonstrated, and the concept of personality traits as broad predispositions is thus untenable".Leaving aside the stupendous stream of debate this comment had sparked amongst personality researchers, we are interested in drawing attention to the fact that just trait theories may not be sufficient to understand the underpinning psychological attributes of entrepreneurs.Trait theory may as well hold a relevance to personality research in entrepreneurship as different positions on a trait continuum facilitates a deeper understanding of individual motivations in response to the differing environmental situations.But, a trait approach will in the investors and other stakeholders and expected returns from their investments [103][104][105][106][107][108][109].
Another difficulty in identifying underpinning psychological attributes of successful entrepreneurs is that it is a complex, multi-staged process and each stage requires a different set of psychological characteristics.The key to understanding psychological predispositions of successful entrepreneurs is to embrace the idea that no one personality trait or style can make an individual cruise through all the complexities, an entrepreneurship presents.It is about understanding their natural preferences for behaviour and cognitions in specific contexts.So, some individuals may be a good fit for starting an enterprise, but they may not survive the challenges presented by the subsequent stages of an entrepreneurship process.Molino, et al. [110] posited a bottleneck model of entrepreneurship, wherein, many individuals may initiate an entrepreneurship idea, but in the end only some will make it to a successful, sustainable enterprise.
In the last few years, a number of publications have outlined the stages of an entrepreneurial process [111] with some degree of variation; the main steps towards establishing an independent enterprise are: conception of an idea, market research, testing the waters, gathering resources, marketing, launch and process evaluation [112].
It can be argued with confidence that of the two Jungian attitudes, extraversion is the favoured dimension for entrepreneurial success; but a degree of variation and balancing may be required between the four different functions.Some situations may require intuition-based decision making that would facilitate the essential risk taking, setting up of a new enterprise requires; while other situations, such as market appraisal and process evaluation would benefit from a careful, concrete, evidence-based business strategy.Decisions based on rational, cognitive processing of certain information are just as important as the ones grounded in empathy and the desire to maintain meaningful interactions with stakeholders.Some researchers had argued for a 'jack of all trades' theory of entrepreneurship, suggesting that a successful entrepreneur is more like a solopreneur and must exhibit all the skills and talents a trade might require [113].In reality, it may not be possible and for this very reason, most entrepreneurs would go on to hire people to help them take their business forward.However, a certain degree of adaptability is important across different stages of an entrepreneurship as the nature of tasks and the required skills would almost, always vary.This variation may be predictable, but the exact personality that may succeed in entrepreneurship is not.Jung's personality theory is therefore relevant in this context as it discusses an individual's psychological functions and attitudes, not stable traits.Functions and theoretical stance to fully appreciate the manner in which an individual's psychological attributes, not a type or trait, but characteristics determine their actions.According to Jung, personality attitudes of extroversion vs. introversion; and psychological functions of thinking, sensation, judging, perceiving, intuition and feeling, are of relevance in this context.
Attitudes in Jung's theory referred to the direction in which their energies are directed and drawn from.For an extravert, sources of stimulation are mostly external, they derive motivation and pleasure from interacting with the world; while introverts are inward directed and prefer to be in isolation, whenever possible.Functions were proposed to be cognitive styles, modes of orientation, the manner in which an individual process the information around them.They could either be rational by judging or irrational by perceiving.Judging function consists of sensation and thinking elements, which signify a reliance on concrete information received from the environment and cognitive processing of facts, respectively.On the other hand, perceiving function is characterized by intuition and feeling elements functions would rely on imaginative thinking, emotional biases and intuition, which is a sort of gut feeling to guide one's behaviour.Jung argued that functions or attitudes cannot occur in isolation to each other; they must work together to produce unique constellations of psychological characteristics that may be suggestive of the inherent complexities of their behaviours, actions and choices [100].
Another interesting component of Jung's theory was a discussion of dominant and inferior attitudes and functions.It was argued that genetically, individuals exhibit a tendency to process the information in specific ways.So, some individuals may be predisposed to act in extroverted ways and may tend to be more rational in most situations.This description helps understand why certain individuals are more likely to initiate and succeed in setting up and running an enterprise than others who might fret by the thought of it.Some of us just have it in us!It is a matter of screening and identifying who might have what it takes to be a successful entrepreneur [100].
Entrepreneurs are confronted with uncertain situations all the time and yet they are expected to take important decisions that may determine the fall or rise of the entire enterprise they are dreaming to build.It is not always possible for entrepreneurs to act rational as, sometimes, due to the novelty of their business idea, there is no means for collecting concrete information about the anticipated outcomes [101,102].Entrepreneurs' decisions may partly be based on rational logic for issues such as, shelf life of the tangible resources, competition analysis, amounts of affordable losses and partly on their personal, subjective judgment about issues such as, the degree of trust they can place attitudes, as outlined by Jung, are individual tendencies to behave in a particular manner, which interacts with the environmental conditions to create unique outcomes across different situations.

Conclusion
An in-depth analysis of relevant research studies led to a conclusion that there may not be significant differences between social and commercial entrepreneurs for investigating personality dimensions underpinning their success.There is however a need to understand the two distinct kinds of contributions of personality research to the entrepreneurship literature.One in a way that suggests stable, fixed traits underpinning behaviours and actions of entrepreneurs; which may be referred to as the founding pillars of the entrepreneurship concept.Second, that there may be dynamic personality types, which could be understood by either Jung's theory of any other theory that may help understand the dynamic interactions between an individual's psychological attributes and the specific requirements of the distinct stages of an entrepreneurship process, in determining the outcome of that business initiative.