Oral and Dental Health Repair versus Replacement : A Questionnaire Examining the Repair Preferences of Turkish Dentists in Dental Restorations

To investigate the preferences of Turkish dentists in repairing dental materials. 344 Turkish dentists participated the survey. The questionnaire consisted of 3 sections. In the first part demographic features were asked. The case was presented in the second part; How treatment plans change was asked in the cases such as partial loss of restoration, discoloration, loss of hard substance, secondary caries, marginal discoloration, and marginal gap. In the third part, the most frequently used materials in repairing were demanded. Descriptive statics with Pearson’s χ2 test was conducted and the risk assessments of factors affecting the choice of repair decision were computed using logistic regression analysis. In amalgam restorations, the participants preferred replacement rather than repair in all cases (OR > 1). The replacement was preferred much more and least in the case of secondary caries (OR = 23.57) and the case of partial loss of the restoration (OR = 1.18), respectively. In composite resin restorations, the participants preferred repair rather than replacement in the cases of partial loss of the restoration and loss of dental hard substance (OR < 1). Repair is not preferred many by Turkish dentists. The superior aspects of repair treatment should be further emphasized in dentistry faculties.


Materials and Methods
Ethical approval was given by the ethical committee from Sutcu Imam University in Turkey (2018-387).The Sample size was calculated using Raosoft web survey software (http://www.raosoft.com/samplesize.html).

Abstract
To investigate the preferences of Turkish dentists in repairing dental materials.344 Turkish dentists participated the survey.The questionnaire consisted of 3 sections.In the first part demographic features were asked.The case was presented in the second part; How treatment plans change was asked in the cases such as partial loss of restoration, discoloration, loss of hard substance, secondary caries, marginal discoloration, and marginal gap.In the third part, the most frequently used materials in repairing were demanded.Descriptive statics with Pearson's χ2 test was conducted and the risk assessments of factors affecting the choice of repair decision were computed using logistic regression analysis.In amalgam restorations, the participants preferred replacement rather than repair in all cases (OR > 1).The replacement was preferred much more and least in the case of secondary caries (OR = 23.57) and the case of partial loss of the restoration (OR = 1.18), respectively.In composite resin restorations, the participants preferred repair rather than replacement in the cases of partial loss of the restoration and loss of dental hard substance (OR < 1).Repair is not preferred many by Turkish dentists.The superior aspects of repair treatment should be further emphasized in dentistry faculties.

Introduction
Although the improvements in recent years have increased the durability of dental restorations, pH changes [1], salivary enzymes [2], thermal changes [3] can weaken the mechanical properties of the preferred to calculate the measuring effect size.The probability level for statistical significance was set at p = 0.05.

Results
A total of 344 dentists participated in the study; 55.2% of contributors were female.The ratio of those who have ≤ 10 years of experience in the study was 77.9%.While the ratio of private clinic dentists who partake in the study was the most (51.2%), the ratio of the dentists working at the universities was the least (28.5%) (Table 1).
In amalgam restorations, the participants preferred replacement rather than repair in all cases (OR > 1).The replacement was preferred much more and least in case 4 (OR = 23.57) and case 1 (OR = 1.18), respectively.In the cases 1, 3 and 6, the females preferred more repair than the males (p < 0.05), but in the other cases, there were not any significant differences between genders (p > 0.05).In the cases 3 and 4, there were not any significant differences among workplaces (p > 0.05).But in the case 1 and 6, participants from public and universities preferred more repair, respectively (p < 0.05).In the case 5, participants from private clinics preferred less repair (p < 0.05).In the case 6, those who experienced less than 10 years preferred more repair (p < 0.05), but in the other cases, experience did not affect the decision-making (p > 0.05) (Figure 2).
In RBC restorations, while the participants preferred repair rather than replacement in the cases 1 and 3 (OR < 1), in the other cases they preferred replacement much more (OR > 1).In the case 4, replacement was preferred much more (OR = 23.57),but in the case 1, it was not preferred at all (OR = 0.4).In the case 5, males preferred repair rather than replacement (p < 0.05), but in the other cases there were not any significant differences between genders (p > 0.05).In the case 6, the participants from the universities preferred repair much more (p < 0.01), but in the other cases, there were not any significant differences among the workplaces (p > 0.05).Experience did not affect the repair decision (p > 0.05) (Figure 2).
While the most preferred materials in repair were With an 80% confidence interval, 5% alpha error, 26674 population size (number of dentists according to TUIK statistical data in Turkey), 268 participants were required [11].The survey was conducted during October 2018 and the number of participants was 344 dentists.Distribution of Turkish Dentists (n = 344) according to gender (Male, Female), experience (≤ 10 years OR > 10 years) and workplace (Public OR University OR Private) was demonstrated in Table 1.
The survey consisted of three sections.In the first section, demographic characteristics were asked to dentists.In the second section, what would your treatment plan for the patient (repair or replacement), if there is partial loss of the restoration (case 1), if there is discoloration (case 2), if there is loss of hard substance (case 3), if there is secondary caries (case 4), if there is marginal discoloration (case 5), if there is marginal gap (case 6) (Figure 1).The questions were asked separately for resin-based composites (RBCs) and amalgam restorations in each case (Only case 2 was not asked for amalgam restoration).In the third section dental materials they preferred in the repairing was asked to dentists.The repair restoration material preferred for RBC and amalgam was asked additionally.
Data analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 23.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, ll., USA).Descriptive statics with Pearson's χ 2 test was conducted for associations between the demographic characteristics of the dentists and their repair decisions.Additionally, the risk estimates of factors affecting the choice of repair decision were computed using logistic regression analysis and the effect sizes were computed.The odds ratio (OR) was  tissue, decreasing the time spent in the clinic, being tolerated more by the patients, causing low economic cost and prolonging the life of the restoration [12].But according to the type of the cases, the treatment decision of dentists may vary.The development of the education system and the new dental products introduced to the market with the developing technology provide the basis for changes in the past and current treatment approaches.
In our study, Turkish dentists preferred replacement more than repair in all cases generally (Except the cases of partial loss from material and loss of hard substance).diamond finishing instruments (84%), adhesive systems (83.1%), and flow composite (82%), the least preferred ones were air abrasion (5%), silane coupling agent (10.5%), hydrofluoric acid (14.5%).A great majority of participants preferred the RBCs in the repair of RBC restorations (98.8%) and amalgam restorations (75%) (Figure 3).

Discussion
Minimal invasive treatment is the principle to treat the tooth diseases with minimal damage.The repair which was a part of this principle increases its popularity due to its advantages such as maintaining healthy tooth  that take less time because of their intense workload [28].
Especially in amalgam cases, it is seen that females prefer more repair than males.Likewise, in our previous study, we found that female dentists are more prone to minimal invasive treatment [28].But in other countries, the gender factor did not affect the decision of repair [18,19,21].Obviously, it is hard to explain this result, but a reason for this difference may be that they did not research on amalgam restoration in their studies.Because, in our study, this difference was observed only in amalgam restorations.
RBC was the most preferred restoration material in repairing dental restorations.These results are in line with previous studies [14,19,21,29].The decline of the number of amalgam restorations that were used due to aesthetic requirements in recent years, having advantages of RBC restorations such as being more suitable for minimally invasive treatment and being ability chemically bonding to tooth tissue may play the important roles in this result [30].In many countries, the use of amalgam has decreased considerably compared to the past [31].
Bonding agent application and finishing instruments are routinely used in the repair of restorations.It has been reported in several studies that silanes improve the bond strength at the repair interface [32][33][34].However, currently, some of the recent bonding systems contain silanes, which do not require an extra silanization process.Perhaps this is the reason why it is used less in our study.While some studies were consistent with this result [18], some studies found that the application was satisfactory [21].As for air abrasion, numerous studies have shown that significantly improves bond strength in the repair of RBC restorations [35][36][37].However, only 5% of Turkish dentists responded that they use air abrasion in the treatment of repair.

Conclusion
The null-hypotheses were rejected; The demographic attributes of Turkish dentists, such as gender, experience, and the workplace, can change the repair decision.The dentists working in the public health can be prone to repair more because of saving time.Furthermore, the repair decision may vary according to each case.While replacement was more preferred in the case of seconder caries, the repair was more preferred in the cases of fracture.The concern of incomplete removing of caries adequately may have affected the decision.The advantages of repair treatment should be emphasized more in dentistry faculties, so that the principle of minimal invasive treatment will become more widespread among Turkish dentists.
Likewise, dentists of Saudi Arabia and Pakistan tended to replacement much more [13,14].However, in Germany, Greece, Nigeria, USA, and Norway the repair was more preferred in the majority of treatments [15][16][17][18][19].This difference may be related to the education curriculum and education system which were improved year by year.In studies conducted on German dentistry students at 3 different times (2000,2009,2018), it is seen that the importance given to repair in education has increased significantly in recent years [20].However, in our study, younger dentists preferred repairing relatively more, but this difference was not significant in most cases.
The repair was more preferred in RBCs than amalgams in the present study.In the previous studies, it is seen that more replacement was preferred in amalgam restorations [19,21].Especially this difference is more obvious in material and tooth tissue loss.The probable cause of this difference is that amalgam restorations cannot retain a dental material and tooth surface chemically, but RBCs can be bond each other [22].In addition, the reason which increased the decision may be that amalgam has not sufficient aesthetic quality compatible with tooth colour [23].
In the case of secondary caries in both RBC and amalgam restorations, the replacement was preferred 23 times more than repair by Turkish dentists.These results were consistent with the surveys conducted in USA, England, and Saudi Arabia [14,24].In contrary, in the studies conducted in Sweden and Germany, more repair was preferred [20,21].In addition, the concern of incomplete removing of caries adequately may be an important factor in the decision to replace restorations completely [19].At this point, how the question is asked or how the case is introduced are also important.Because the severity and location of secondary caries may change the response [25].In this study, secondary caries was illustrated under the restoration, it may have increased the preference of replacement instead of repair.
Turkish dentists preferred replacement in the fracture cases and these results are parallel with previous studies [14,19,21,24,26].Fracture is one of the most common complications after dental treatments.In many studies, it has been reported that one of the most important factors in choosing repair treatment is to maintain a healthy tooth tissue [14,16,26].However, the complete renewal of the restoration may cause that occur more tissue loss in the already broken tooth.Especially in these cases, the other reasons why dentists prefer more repair may be those repair treatment saves time and reduces cost [27].In the present study, the fact that dentists working in the public health prefer more repairs in cases of broken amalgam supports this proposition.In a previous study, we concluded that dentists working in public healths prefer treatments

Figure 1 :
Figure 1: Schematic presentation of six different repair cases.

Figure 2 :
Figure 2: The odds ratios of factors affecting the choice of repair decision using logistic regression analysis (1).Distribution (%) of the preferred repair option according to demographic characteristics for each case (2).

Figure 3 :
Figure 3: Frequencies of using dental materials in repairing.

Table 1 :
Distribution of Turkish dentists (n = 344) according to gender, experience and workplace.