Table 5: Eye symptoms related to vection in a head mounted display environment.
Study | HMD | Vection | Immersion times (minutes) | Eye symptom |
So [93] | Virtual Research VR4 | 3D VEa viewing, E1: visual scene oscillation in the yaw axis (angular velocity was 30°/second and the range of oscillation was ± 60°), E2: visual scene was stationary. |
20 | Total severity scores of SSb questionnaires and three SS Questionnaire sub-scores increased significantly after both conditions (with and without scene movement); with the absence of scene movement, these scores were significantly less. |
Mourant [76] | Virtual Research VR8 | 3D VE: virtual driving simulator three types: highway (60 mphc), rural (60 mph), city (25 mph) |
Participants in the highway (60 mph) or rural road (60 mph) virtual environments reported more symptoms than those in the city virtual environment (25 mph). |
|
So [92] | Virtual Research VR4 | 3D VE: Speeds of 3.3, 4.3, 5.9, 7.9, 9.5, 23.6, 29.6, and 59.2 m/sd RMSe in the fore-and-aft axis |
30 | Vection sensation and sickness symptoms increased with increasing navigation speeds from 3 m/s to 10 m/s RMS. Beyond 10 m/s RMS, both vection and sickness stabilized and remained steady as speeds increased further to 59 m/s RMS. |
Lo [94] | Virtual Research VR4 | E1: Scene oscillations along different axes (pitch, yaw, roll or no oscillation), E2: Without scene oscillations |
20 | Nausea ratings and SS Questionnaire scores increased at higher rates in the presence of scene oscillations than with no oscillation. Overall effects of oscillations along different axes were not significant. |
Kuze [17] | Glasstron PLM-50 | E1: Shaky video, E2: Stabilized video | 20 | Change in eyestrain scores was higher when viewing shaky video. |
Davis [90] | Oculus Rift DK 1 | Two virtual roller coasters | 14 | The more realistic roller coaster with higher levels of visual flow had a significantly greater chance of inducing sickness. |
aVE: Virtual Environment; bSS: Simulator Sickness; cmph: Miles Per Hour; dm/s: Meters Per Second; eRMS: Root Mean Square.