Summary of empirical data from head mounted display meta-analysis studies.

Table 2: Summary of empirical data from head mounted display meta-analysis studies.

Author	Country	Subjects Male Female	Mean age Age range (years)	HMD^a (s) Used	Time of exposure	Results
Jaeger [48]	USA	60 42M 18F	(18 - 40)	Unidentified HMD	13 - 23 min	Females were significantly more affected than males by simulator activities. Longer time intervals were associated with significantly greater symptoms of SS^b and perceived discomfort. Comparison of scores between distance judgment and movement production activities produced no significant results. Individuals who used the static simulator were significantly more affected than those with similar exposure times in the dynamic simulator.
Blom [45]	Spain	31 13M 18F	27.3 ± 7.1	NVIS nVisor SX111	Two exposures of 6 - 7 min	Limited evidence of sickness, including rotated conditions. This may be due to improved technologies or differences in tasks, or it may be because in our experiment participants had a virtual body.
Kolasinski[49]	USA	40 20M 20F	22.7 ± 4.7 (19 - 46)	i-glasses™	20 min	Sickness could be severe and may involve lingering and/or delayed effects. Gender differences in mean sickness scores were not statistically significant. A significant negative correlation between IPD^c and eyestrain symptoms and between sickness scores and final level reached in Ascent.
Moss [34]	USA	80 30M 50F	19.5 (18 - 24)	ProView™ XL 50	Varied	Compared with no added delay, an additional 200 ms of display delay did not result in increased SS. However, SS was greater when peripheral vision was occluded than when it was not. Peripheral vision moderated the effects of image scale factor and delay on head movement velocity.
Ehrlich [50]	USA	57 23M 34F	22.8 ± 5.1 (18 - 43)	Various unidentified HMDs	Not Stated	Dropouts experienced significantly more nausea than did finishers. The most severe symptom for dropouts was primarily disorientation followed by nausea. For finishers the most severe symptom was also disorientation but followed equally by either nausea or oculomotor discomfort.
Stanney [32]	USA	60	Not Stated	Virtual Research V6	15 - 45 min	Subjective symptomatology experienced by users after VE^d exposure is substantial, persistent and statistically significant.
Stanney [33]	USA	34 20M 14F	25.8 ± 4.7	Kaiser Electro - Optics Virtual Immersion	30 min	When post-discomfort was compared to a pre-baseline, participants reported more sickness afterward. Change in felt limb position resulted in subjects pointing higher and slightly to the left; the latter difference was not statistically significant.
Ling [43]	Netherlands	86	28.0 ± 6.3 (18 - 70)	eMagin Z800	17 min	No significant effect of stereoscopy on simulator sickness compared with non-stereoscopic viewing conditions. No significant correlation between SS score and level of presence.
Lubos [46]	Germany	27 9M 18F	21.78 (19 - 25)	Oculus Rift DK1	36 min	Increase in simulator sickness over the experiment time was significant.
Lubos [47]	Germany	12 9M 3F	25.33 (19 - 36)	Oculus Rift DK1	26 min	No significant effect of increase in simulator sickness over the experiment time.
Draper [51]	USA	E1:11 6M 5F E2:10 6M 4F	E1:28.5 (19 - 39), E2:27.4 (23 - 36)	Virtual i/O i-glasses™	10, 20, 30 min	SS symptoms were significantly greater in minification (0.5) and magnification (2.0) image scale factor conditions than in neutral condition (1.0). SS did not vary with time delay changes.
Pölönen [52]	Finland	78 38M 40F	33.5 (21 - 53)	iTheater	40 min	NED^e use induced slight sickness, but many of these shortcomings could be diminished with improved NED headset ergonomics and display quality.
Pölönen [37]	Finland	97 48M 49F	33.8 (23 - 45)	iTheater, MyVu, Vuzix, Zeiss	40 min	All NEDs induced eyestrain and sickness symptoms; magnitude of these symptoms varied according to the device. Adverse symptoms were related to problems with the display optics and design, text layout, headset fit, use context, individual differences.
Merhi [53]	USA	24 13M 11F	22 (17 - 35)	Visette - Pro	up to 50 min	Commercial console video game systems can induce motion sickness.
Sharples [54]	UK	71 38M 33/F	Not Given	Virtual research V8	30 min	Higher reported symptoms (nausea) in HMD compared with desktop viewing and in HMD compared with reality theatre viewing (nausea, oculomotor symptoms, disorientation).
Takada [44]	Japan	13	23 ± 6.2	iWear AV920	2 min	3-D movies can affect lateral body sway, thereby causing VIMSf.
Järvenpää [39]	Finland	232 123M 109F	34.5 (21 - 53)	Five unidentified HMDs, likely including HMDs from Toni Järvenpää [50]	40 min, 95 min	Determination of NED characteristics helps to predict the subjective experiences, but the nature of the relation between subjective and objective findings is complex and depends on several NED-, user- and task-related features.

^aHMD: HZead-Mounted Display; ^bSS: Simulator Sickness; ^cIPD: Inter-Pupillary Distance; ^dVE: Virtual Environment; ^eNED: Near to Eye Display; ^fVIMS: Visually-Induced Motion sickness.