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Heidari A (2018) Production of Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) Biosensor Using Os-Pd/HfC Nanocomposites for Detecting and Tracking of Human Gastroenterological Cancer Cells, Tissues and Tumors. Int J Med Nano Res 5:022. doi.org/10.23937/2378-3664/1410022

RESEARCH ARTICLE | OPEN ACCESSDOI: 10.23937/2378-3664/1410022

Production of Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) Biosensor Using Os-Pd/HfC Nanocomposites for Detecting and Tracking of Human Gastroenterological Cancer Cells, Tissues and Tumors

Alireza Heidari*

Faculty of Chemistry, California South University, USA

Abstract

In the current paper, the first step for using Os-Pd/HfC nanocomposites as luminophore in producing Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) biosensor-namely increasing the sensitivity of biosensor through creating Os-Pd/HfC nanocomposites and using it instead of other nanocomposites for detecting and tracking of human gastroenterological cancer cells, tissues and tumors, is evaluated. Further, optimization of tri-n-propylamine (TPrA), 2-(dibutylamino) ethanol (DBAE) and benzyl peroxide (BPO) concentrations and Os-Pd/HfC nanocomposites as four main and effective materials in the intensity of luminescence for detecting and tracking of human gastroenterological cancer cells, tissues and tumors are considered so that the highest sensitivity obtains. In this regard, various concentrations of four materials were prepared and photon emission was investigated in the absence of human gastroenterological cancer cells, tissues and tumors.

Keywords

Biosensor, Electrochemiluminescence (ECL), Os-Pd/HfC Nanocomposites, Photomultiplier, Cadmium Oxide (CdO) nanoparticles, Human gastroenterological cancer cells, Tissues and tumors

Introduction

Biosensors are systems for measuring the concentration of biomolecules such as proteins, enzymes, nuclides and etc. which produce by various methods and materials depending on the type of biosensor and biomolecule. In optical method of Electrochemiluminescence (ECL), a luminophore excites at the presence of activator agent due to applying electrical potential and hence, emits photon. In optical ECL biosensor, the concentration of biomolecules can be measured using this method and stabilizing the luminophore on the biomolecules. In other words, biomolecules play the role of electrical potential carrier to luminophore. Hence, the applied potential to luminophore varies with concentration of biomolecules and therefore, the intensity of emitted photons varies [1-27]. The advantages of ECL method compared to other optical methods are 1) It does not necessary to have an excitation source which cause to reduction of optical interferences; 2) Having strong time and position separation power; 3) Simplicity, low cost, high speed and low time of measurement [28-63].

In the produced optical biosensor, as the first sample in the country, Os-Pd/HfC nanocomposites was used which is one of the most used luminophores, applied in production of ECL biosensors due to its high quantum efficiency and small size. Small size of Os-Pd/HfC nanocomposites leads to its easy conjugation with biomolecules which minimizes the interference in immune system of biomolecules [64-85]. In the produced optical sensor, tri-n-propylamine (TPrA), 2-(dibutylamino) ethanol (DBAE) and benzyl peroxide (BPO) are used as activator agents for Os-Pd/HfC nanocomposites. It should be noted that the purity of Os-Pd/HfC was already and experimentally confirmed in detail [35].

One of the basic characteristics of biosensor is its high sensitivity. Sensitivity of a biosensor is the minimum amount of concentration detection of biomolecules. According to this definition, sensitivity of the produced biosensor increases proportional to increase in intensity of emitted photons from luminophore. Hence, Os-Pd/HfC nanocomposites were used for this reason.

SiO2 and CdO nanoparticles enhance the intensity of photons due to some advantages. Two time-ionized SiO2 and CdO nanoparticles easily coop Os-Pd/HfC nanocomposites ions due to having negative charge and enhance the optical stability of Os-Pd/HfC nanocomposites because of their optical property. At the other hand, as these molecules are of large active surface, they are able to charge (coop) a large amount of Os-Pd/HfC nanocomposites. However, Os-Si or Os-Cd nanoparticles cannot individually stabilize on biomolecules such as antibodies and hence, Cadmium Oxide nanoparticles are used to solve this problem [86-110].

The produced CdO nanoparticles have negative charge on their surfaces due to the production type and therefore, they can easily absorb functional groups with positive charge (such as amino groups). Many biomolecules are of functional groups with positive charge. To settle CdO nanoparticles with negative charge on Os-Si or Os-Cd, layers with positive charge such as amino groups can be used. Due to small size of nanoparticles, a large number of them settle on Os-Si or Os-Cd (Figure 1). In addition, regarding the fact that CdO nanoparticles are strong electric conductors, they enhance electron transferring process (electrical potential) to Os-Pd/HfC nanocomposites coop into SiO2 or CdO [111-171].

Figure 1: Schematic views of static (left) and rheological (right) properties of Os-Pd/HfC nanocomposites were studied by computer modeling and simulation. View Figure 1

In the current experimental work, in addition to sample preparation and producing sensor device, the effect of nanocomposite concentration also is investigated. As it is necessary to prevent any interference on the structure of Os-Pd/HfC nanocomposites, this issue is investigated in sample preparation and using them in electrochemical system.

On the other hand, Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is the process where species generated at electrodes undergo electron-transfer reactions to form excited states that emit light. This chapter outlines the principles, history, applications, advantages, limitations, and possibilities for improving the performance of this technology. Electrochemiluminescence is a means of converting electrical energy into light (radiative energy). It involves the production of reactive intermediates from stable precursors at the surface of an electrode. These intermediates then react under a variety of conditions to form excited states that emit light. Traditionally, ECL was generated via annihilation, where the electron transfer reaction is between an oxidized and a reduced species, both of which are generated at an electrode by alternate pulsing of the electrode potential. Electrochemiluminescence can also be generated in a single potential step utilizing a coreactant. Coreactant ECL has been used in a wide range of analytical applications including clinical diagnostics, chromatography, food and water testing, and biowarfare agent detection. ECL can also be used in the analysis of various species. Furthermore, electrochemiluminescence has also been used to monitor enzymatic reactions. ECL labels have distinct advantages over detection methods as they are sensitive, nonhazardous, inexpensive, diagnostic of the presence of a particular label, linear over a wide range, and incorporate simple and relatively inexpensive equipment [172-190]. It should be noted that a schematic of biosensing device was presented in Figure 2 [191-194].

Figure 2: Biosensors are devices which use a biological recognition element retained in direct spatial contact with transduction system (IUPAC definition). Biosensors can be straightforwardly depicted as devices that convert a physical or biological event into a measurable signal; they are composed of a biosensing element (i.e. enzyme, tissue, living cell) that provides selectivity and a transducer that converts the chemical responses into a processable signals. Specifically, biosensor consists of three parts: The first element is the biomediator (a biomimic or biologically derived material e.g. tissue, microorganisms, organelles, cell receptors, enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, and biological sensitive elements created with genetic engineering), the second element is the transducer (physicochemical, optical, piezoelectric, electrochemical, etc.) that transforms the signal resulting from the analyte's interaction with the biological element into a signal that can be measured and quantified; the third element is the associated electronics or signal processor, responsible for a user-friendly way of the results visualization. Some biosensors require a process of biomediator immobilization to the sensor surface (metal, polymer or glass and other materials) using physical or chemical techniques [191-194]. View Figure 2

Materials, Research Method and Experimental Techniques

Tri-n-propylamine (TPrA), 2-(dibutylamino) ethanol (DBAE) and benzyl peroxide (BPO) were supplied from Sigma-Aldrich Co. Os-Pd/HfC nanocomposites and other chemicals used in this work were supplied from American International Standards Institute (AISI) and also Bio Spectroscopy Core Research Laboratory at Faculty of Chemistry, California South University (CSU), Irvine, California, USA.

For preparing Cadmium Oxide nanoparticles with negative charge on the surface, 5 (mg/mL) HCdCl4 was added to boiling water and trisodium citrate was added to the boiling solution as reducing agent.

In the next step, the produced samples were deposited on Glassy Carbon Electrode (GCE) electrodes with various concentrations using Graphene Oxide (GO). GO was created in order to stabilize sample on the electrode through making π-π bonding between the created elements and electrode as well as speeding up the electron transferring between them. Then, the produced collection was placed into a solution containing tri-n-propylamine (TPrA), 2-(dibutylamino) ethanol (DBAE) and benzyl peroxide (BPO) and by applying the required electric potential difference between this electrode and reference electrode and counter used in electrochemical system, optical emission from material was produced and measured. Detection of emitted photons was performed by photon proliferator of Hamamatsu ip21.

Results and Discussion

In order to recognize the size of produced CdO nanoparticles, SEM imaging was used. Figure 3 shows a sample of SEM image produced from CdO nanoparticles. In this regard, the average size of these particles is between 15-20 (nm). Figures 4a and Figures 4b show SEM image for Os-Si and Os-Cd, respectively. Size of these nanoparticles is about 50 (nm). By comparing the obtained sizes, it was indicated that Os-Si or Os-Cd nanoparticles are able to load a large number of SiO2 or CdO nanoparticles.

Figure 3: SEM image for the produced CdO nanoparticles with scale 500 (nm). View Figure 3

Figure 4 shows absorptive and emitted graphs of Os-Pd/HfC nanocomposites. Comparison of absorptive curves indicates 5 (nm) shift of wavelength in the spectrum of Os-Si and Os-Cd at 450 (nm) which confirms cooping of Os-Pd/HfC nanocomposites into CdO or SiO2. In addition, according to emission curve, nanocomposite production does not change the emitted spectrum of Os and its luminescence nature and increasing the emission intensity of nanocomposite indicates copping a large number of Os-Pd/HfC nanocomposites.

Figure 4: Comparative graphs of UV-Visible absorptive and emitted spectrum for Os-Pd/HfC nanocomposites (Photo shows SEM image for a) Os-Si; b) Os-Cd). It should be noted that each graph shows UV-Visible absorptive and emitted spectrum with the passage of time. View Figure 4

As ray emitted from samples is used to affect biomolecules, its amount was measured through selecting optimum concentration of nanocomposite on the produced samples and concentration of required tri-n-propylamine (TPrA), 2-(dibutylamino) ethanol (DBAE) and benzyl peroxide (BPO) solvent before applying luminescence on biomolecules. In this regard, the intensity of luminescence of samples in solvents with various concentrations was measured to find optimum concentration of nanocomposite in the produced samples for a constant concentration of solvent, as shown in Figure 5. From this test, optimum amount of Os-Pd/HfC nanocomposites was determined as 8 (mg/mL) and then, samples with optimum concentration of nanocomposite were tested at different concentrations of tri-n-propylamine (TPrA), 2-(dibutylamino) ethanol (DBAE) and benzyl peroxide (BPO) solvent and again, optimum luminescence was obtained as 20 (mM). Figure 6, Figure 7 and Figure 8 indicates this optimum amount.

Figure 5: Photon emission for various concentrations of nanocomposite (from 1 (mg/mL) to 10 (mg/mL)). (Figure: Optimization graph of concentration of Os-Pd/HfC nanocomposites). View Figure 5

Figure 6: Photon emission for various concentrations of tri-n-propylamine (TPrA) (from 10 (mM) to 100 (mM)). (Figure: Optimization graph of concentration of tri-n-propylamine (TPrA)). View Figure 6

Figure 7: Photon emission for various concentrations of 2-(dibutylamino) ethanol (DBAE) (from 10 (mM) to 100 (mM)). (Figure: Optimization graph of concentration of 2-(dibutylamino) ethanol (DBAE)). View Figure 7

Figure 8: Photon emission for various concentrations of benzyl peroxide (BPO) (from 10 (mM) to 100 (mM)). (Figure: Optimization graph of concentration of benzyl peroxide (BPO)). View Figure 8

Conclusions, Perspectives, Useful Suggestions and Future Studies

As the production of Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) biosensor is performed for the first time in the world, it was necessary to provide appropriate conditions such as high sensitivity and optimizing the effective factors for detecting and tracking of human gastroenterological cancer cells, tissues and tumors before any measurement. Lack of these conditions will lead to loss of detecting and tracking of human gastroenterological cancer cells, tissues and tumors.

References

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  77. Alireza Heidari (2017) Nanomedicine-based combination anti-cancer therapy between nucleic acids and anti- cancer nano drugs in covalent nano drugs delivery systems for selective imaging and treatment of human brain tumors using hyaluronic acid, alguronic acid and sodium hyaluronate as anti-cancer nano drugs and nucleic acids delivery under synchrotron radiation. Am J Drug Deliv 5: 2.
  78. Alireza Heidari (2017) Clinical trials of dendritic cell therapies for cancer exposing vulnerabilities in human cancer cells' metabolism and metabolomics: New discoveries, unique features inform new therapeutic opportunities, biotech's bumpy road to the market and elucidating the biochemical programs that support cancer initiation and progression. J Biol Med Science 1: e103.
  79. Alireza Heidari (2017) The design graphene-based nanosheets as a new nanomaterial in anti-cancer therapy and delivery of chemotherapeutics and biological nano drugs for liposomal anti-cancer nano drugs and gene delivery. Br Biomed Bull 5: 305.
  80. Alireza Heidari (2017) Integrative approach to biological networks for emerging roles of proteomics, genomics and transcriptomics in the discovery and validation of human colorectal cancer biomarkers from DNA/RNA sequencing data under synchrotron radiation. Transcriptomics 5: e117.
  81. Alireza Heidari (2017) Elimination of the heavy metals toxicity and diseases in disruption of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and cell adhesion intelligent nanomolecules adjustment in cancer metastases using metalloenzymes and under synchrotron radiation. Lett Health Biol Sci 2: 1-4.
  82. Alireza Heidari (2017) Treatment of breast cancer brain metastases through a targeted nanomolecule drug delivery system based on dopamine functionalized multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) coated with nano graphene oxide (GO) and protonated polyaniline (PANI) in situ during the polymerization of aniline autogenic nanoparticles for the delivery of anti-cancer nano drugs under synchrotron radiation. Br J Res 4: 16.
  83. Alireza Heidari (2017) Sedative, analgesic and ultrasound-mediated gastrointestinal nano drugs delivery for gastrointestinal endoscopic procedure, nano drug-induced gastrointestinal disorders and nano drug treatment of gastric acidity. Res Rep Gastroenterol 1: 1.
  84. Alireza Heidari (2017) Synthesis, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, dosing, stability, safety and efficacy of orphan nano drugs to treat high cholesterol and related conditions and to prevent cardiovascular disease under synchrotron radiation. J Pharm Sci Emerg Drugs 5: 1.
  85. Alireza Heidari (2017) Non-Linear compact proton synchrotrons to improve human cancer cells and tissues treatments and diagnostics through particle therapy accelerators with monochromatic microbeams. J Cell Biol Mol Sci 2: 1-5.
  86. Alireza Heidari (2017) Design of targeted metal chelation therapeutics nanocapsules as colloidal carriers and blood-brain barrier (BBB) translocation to targeted deliver anti-cancer nano drugs into the human brain to treat alzheimer's disease under synchrotron radiation. J Nanotechnol Material Sci 4: 1-5.
  87. Ricardo Gobato, Alireza Heidari (2017) Calculations using quantum chemistry for inorganic molecule simulation BeLi2SeSi. Science Journal of Analytical Chemistry 5: 76-85.
  88. Alireza Heidari (2017) Different high-resolution simulations of medical, medicinal, clinical, pharmaceutical and therapeutics oncology of human lung cancer translational anti-cancer nano drugs delivery treatment process under synchrotron and x-ray radiations. J Med Oncol 1.
  89. Alireza Heidari (2017) A modern ethnomedicinal technique for transformation, prevention and treatment of human malignant gliomas tumors into human benign gliomas tumors under synchrotron radiation. Am J Ethnomed 1: 10.
  90. Alireza Heidari (2017) Active targeted nanoparticles for anti-cancer nano drugs delivery across the blood-brain barrier for human brain cancer treatment, multiple sclerosis (MS) and alzheimer's diseases using chemical modifications of anti-cancer nano drugs or drug-nanoparticles through zika virus (ZIKV) nanocarriers under synchrotron radiation. J Med Chem Toxicol 2: 1-5.
  91. Alireza Heidari (2017) Investigation of medical, medicinal, clinical and pharmaceutical applications of estradiol, mestranol (Norlutin), norethindrone (NET), norethisterone acetate (NETA), norethisterone enanthate (NETE) and testosterone nanoparticles as biological imaging, cell labeling, anti-microbial agents and anti-cancer nano drugs in nanomedicines based drug delivery systems for anti-cancer targeting and treatment. Parana Journal of Science and Education 3: 10-19.
  92. Alireza Heidari (2017) A comparative computational and experimental study on different vibrational biospectroscopy methods, techniques and applications for human cancer cells in tumor tissues simulation, modeling, research, diagnosis and treatment. Open J Anal Bioanal Chem 1: 014-020.
  93. Alireza Heidari (2017) Combination of DNA/RNA ligands and linear/non-linear visible-synchrotron radiation-driven n-doped ordered mesoporous cadmium oxide (cdo) nanoparticles photocatalysts channels resulted in an interesting synergistic effect enhancing catalytic anti-cancer activity. Enz Eng 6: 160.
  94. Alireza Heidari (2017) Modern approaches in designing ferritin, ferritin light chain, transferrin, beta-2 transferrin and bacterioferritin-based anti-cancer nano drugs encapsulating nanosphere as dna-binding proteins from starved cells (dps). Mod Appro Drug Des 1.
  95. Alireza Heidari (2017) Potency of human interferon β-1a and human interferon β-1b in enzymotherapy, immunotherapy, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, hormone therapy and targeted therapy of encephalomyelitis disseminate/multiple sclerosis (ms) and hepatitis A, B, C, D, E, F and G virus enter and targets liver cells. J Proteomics Enzymol 6.
  96. Alireza Heidari (2017) Transport therapeutic active targeting of human brain tumors enable anti-cancer nanodrugs delivery across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to treat brain diseases using nanoparticles and nanocarriers under synchrotron radiation. J Pharm Pharmaceutics 4: 151-155.
  97. Alireza Heidari, Christopher Brown (2017) Combinatorial therapeutic approaches to DNA/RNA and benzylpenicillin (Penicillin G), fluoxetine hydrochloride (prozac and sarafem), propofol (diprivan), acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) (Aspirin), naproxen sodium (Aleve and Naprosyn) and dextromethamphetamine nanocapsules with surface conjugated dna/rna to targeted nano drugs for enhanced anti-cancer efficacy and targeted cancer therapy using nano drugs delivery systems. Ann Adv Chem 1: 061-069.
  98. Alireza Heidari (2017) High-resolution simulations of human brain cancer translational nano drugs delivery treatment process under synchrotron radiation. J Transl Res 1: 1-3.
  99. Alireza Heidari (2017) Investigation of anti-cancer nano drugs' effects' trend on human pancreas cancer cells and tissues prevention, diagnosis and treatment process under synchrotron and x-ray radiations with the passage of time using mathematica. Current Trends Anal Bioanal Chem 1: 36-41.
  100. Alireza Heidari (2017) Pros and cons controversy on molecular imaging and dynamics of double-standard dna/rna of human preserving stem cells-binding nano molecules with androgens/anabolic steroids (AAS) or testosterone derivatives through tracking of helium-4 nucleus (Alpha particle) using synchrotron radiation. Arch Biotechnol Biomed 1: 067-0100.
  101. Alireza Heidari (2017) Visualizing metabolic changes in probing human cancer cells and tissues metabolism using vivo 1H or Proton NMR, 13C NMR, 15N NMR and 31P NMR spectroscopy and self-organizing maps under synchrotron radiation. SOJ Mater Sci Eng 5: 1-6.
  102. Alireza Heidari (2017) Cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS), circular dichroism spectroscopy, cold vapour atomic fluorescence spectroscopy and correlation spectroscopy comparative study on malignant and benign human cancer cells and tissues with the passage of time under synchrotron radiation. Enliven: Challenges Cancer Detect Ther 4: e001.
  103. Alireza Heidari (2017) Laser spectroscopy, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy and laser-induced plasma spectroscopy comparative study on malignant and benign human cancer cells and tissues with the passage of time under synchrotron radiation. Int J Hepatol Gastroenterol 3: 079-084.
  104. Alireza Heidari (2017) Time-Resolved spectroscopy and time-stretch spectroscopy comparative study on malignant and benign human cancer cells and tissues with the passage of time under synchrotron radiation. Enliven: Pharmacovigilance and Drug Safety 4: e001.
  105. Alireza Heidari (2017) Overview of the role of vitamins in reducing negative effect of decapeptyl (triptorelin acetate or pamoate salts) on prostate cancer cells and tissues in prostate cancer treatment process through transformation of malignant prostate tumors into benign prostate tumors under synchrotron radiation. Open J Anal Bioanal Chem 1: 021-026.
  106. Alireza Heidari (2017) Electron phenomenological spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy comparative study on malignant and benign human cancer cells and tissues with the passage of time under synchrotron radiation. Austin J Anal Pharm Chem 4: 1091.
  107. Alireza Heidari (2017) Therapeutic nanomedicine different high-resolution experimental images and computational simulations for human brain cancer cells and tissues using nanocarriers deliver DNA/RNA to brain tumors under synchrotron radiation with the passage of time using mathematica and MATLAB. Madridge J Nano Tech Sci 2: 78-84.
  108. Alireza Heidari (2017) A consensus and prospective study on restoring cadmium oxide (CdO) nanoparticles sensitivity in recurrent ovarian cancer by extending the cadmium oxide (CdO) nanoparticles-free interval using synchrotron radiation therapy as antibody-drug conjugate for the treatment of limited-stage small cell diverse epithelial cancers. Cancer Clin Res Rep 1: e001.
  109. Alireza Heidari (2017) A novel and modern experimental imaging and spectroscopy comparative study on malignant and benign human cancer cells and tissues with the passage of time under white synchrotron radiation. Cancer Sci Res Open Access 4: 1-8.
  110. Alireza Heidari (2017) Different high-resolution simulations of medical, medicinal, clinical, pharmaceutical and therapeutics oncology of human breast cancer translational nano drugs delivery treatment process under synchrotron and x-ray radiations. J Oral Cancer Res 1: 12-17.
  111. Alireza Heidari (2017) Vibrational decihertz (dHz), centihertz (cHz), millihertz (mHz), microhertz (μHz), nanohertz (nHz), picohertz (pHz), femtohertz (fHz), attohertz (aHz), zeptohertz (zHz) and yoctohertz (yHz) imaging and spectroscopy comparative study on malignant and benign human cancer cells and tissues under synchrotron radiation. International Journal of Biomedicine 7: 335-340.
  112. Alireza Heidari (2017) Force spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy comparative study on malignant and benign human cancer cells and tissues with the passage of time under synchrotron radiation. EC Cancer 2: 239-246.
  113. Alireza Heidari (2017) Photoacoustic spectroscopy, photoemission spectroscopy and photothermal spectroscopy comparative study on malignant and benign human cancer cells and tissues with the passage of time under synchrotron radiation. BAOJ Cancer Res Ther 3: 045.
  114. Alireza Heidari (2017) J-Spectroscopy, exchange spectroscopy (EXSY), nuclear overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY) and total correlation spectroscopy (TOCSY) comparative study on malignant and benign human cancer cells and tissues under synchrotron radiation. EMS Eng Sci J 1: 006-013.
  115. Alireza Heidari (2018) Neutron spin echo spectroscopy and spin noise spectroscopy comparative study on malignant and benign human cancer cells and tissues with the passage of time under synchrotron radiation. Int J Biopharm Sci 1: 103.
  116. Alireza Heidari (2017) Vibrational decahertz (daHz), hectohertz (hHz), kilohertz (kHz), megahertz (mHz), gigahertz (gHz), terahertz (tHz), petahertz (pHz), exahertz (eHz), zettahertz (zHz) and yottahertz (yHz) imaging and spectroscopy comparative study on malignant and benign human cancer cells and tissues under synchrotron radiation. Madridge J Anal Sci Instrum 2: 41-46.
  117. Alireza Heidari (2018) Two-dimensional infrared correlation spectroscopy, linear two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy and non-linear two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy comparative study on malignant and benign human cancer cells and tissues under synchrotron radiation with the passage of time. J Mater Sci Nanotechnol 6: 101.
  118. Alireza Heidari (2018) Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and mid-infrared spectroscopy (MIRS) comparative study on malignant and benign human cancer cells and tissues under synchrotron radiation with the passage of time. Int J Nanotechnol Nanomed 3: 1-6.
  119. Alireza Heidari (2018) Infrared photo dissociation spectroscopy and infrared correlation table spectroscopy comparative study on malignant and benign human cancer cells and tissues under synchrotron radiation with the passage of time. Austin Pharmacol Pharm 3: 1011.
  120. Alireza Heidari (2017) Novel and transcendental prevention, diagnosis and treatment strategies for investigation of interaction among human blood cancer cells, tissues, tumors and metastases with synchrotron radiation under anti-cancer nano drugs delivery efficacy using matlab modeling and simulation. Madridge J Nov Drug Res 1: 18-24.
  121. Alireza Heidari (2018) Comparative study on malignant and benign human cancer cells and tissues with the passage of time under synchrotron radiation. Open Access J Trans Med Res 2: 4-9.
  122. Marcia Regina Risso Gobato, Ricardo Gobato, Alireza Heidari (2018) Planting of jaboticaba trees for landscape repair of degraded area. Landscape Architecture and Regional Planning 3: 1-9.
  123. Alireza Heidari (2018) Fluorescence spectroscopy, phosphorescence spectroscopy and luminescence spectroscopy comparative study on malignant and benign human cancer cells and tissues under synchrotron radiation with the passage of time. SM J Clin Med Imaging 4: 1018.
  124. Alireza Heidari (2018) Nuclear inelastic scattering spectroscopy (NISS) and nuclear inelastic absorption spectroscopy (NIAS) comparative study on malignant and benign human cancer cells and tissues under synchrotron radiation. Int J Pharm Sci 2: 1-14.
  125. Alireza Heidari (2018) X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Powder X-Ray Diffraction (PXRD) and Energy-Dispersive X- Ray Diffraction (EDXRD) comparative study on malignant and benign human cancer cells and tissues under synchrotron radiation. J Oncol Res 2: 1-14.
  126. Alireza Heidari (2018) Correlation two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) (2D-NMR) (COSY) imaging and spectroscopy comparative study on malignant and benign human cancer cells and tissues under synchrotron radiation. EMS Can Sci 1: 1-001.
  127. Alireza Heidari (2018) Thermal spectroscopy, photothermal spectroscopy, thermal microspectroscopy, photothermal microspectroscopy, thermal macrospectroscopy and photothermal macrospectroscopy comparative study on malignant and benign human cancer cells and tissues with the passage of time under synchrotron radiation. SM J Biometrics Biostat 3: 1024.
  128. Alireza Heidari (2018) A modern and comprehensive experimental biospectroscopic comparative study on human common cancers' cells, tissues and tumors before and after synchrotron radiation therapy. Open Acc J Oncol Med 1.
  129. Alireza Heidari (2018) Heteronuclear correlation experiments such as heteronuclear single-quantum correlation spectroscopy (HSQC), heteronuclear multiple-quantum correlation spectroscopy (HMQC) and heteronuclear multiple-bond correlation spectroscopy (HMBC) comparative study on malignant and benign human endocrinology and thyroid cancer cells and tissues under synchrotron radiation. J Endocrinol Thyroid Res 3.
  130. Alireza Heidari (2018) Nuclear resonance vibrational spectroscopy (NRVS), nuclear inelastic scattering spectroscopy (NISS), nuclear inelastic absorption spectroscopy (NIAS) and nuclear resonant inelastic x-ray scattering spectroscopy (NRIXSS) comparative study on malignant and benign human cancer cells and tissues under synchrotron radiation. Int J Bioorg Chem Mol Biol 6: 1-5.
  131. Alireza Heidari (2018) A novel and modern experimental approach to vibrational circular dichroism spectroscopy and video spectroscopy comparative study on malignant and benign human cancer cells and tissues with the passage of time under white and monochromatic synchrotron radiation. Glob J Endocrinol Metab 1.
  132. Alireza Heidari (2018) Pros and cons controversy on heteronuclear correlation experiments such as heteronuclear single-quantum correlation spectroscopy (HSQC), heteronuclear multiple-quantum correlation spectroscopy (HMQC) and heteronuclear multiple-bond correlation spectroscopy (HMBC) comparative study on malignant and benign human cancer cells and tissues under synchrotron radiation. EMS Pharma J 1: 002.
  133. Alireza Heidari (2018) A modern comparative and comprehensive experimental biospectroscopic study on different types of infrared spectroscopy of malignant and benign human cancer cells and tissues with the passage of time under synchrotron radiation. J Analyt Molecul Tech 3: 8.
  134. Alireza Heidari (2018) Investigation of cancer types using synchrotron technology for proton beam therapy: An experimental biospectroscopic comparative study. European Modern Studies Journal 2: 13-29.
  135. Alireza Heidari (2018) Saturated spectroscopy and unsaturated spectroscopy comparative study on malignant and benign human cancer cells and tissues with the passage of time under synchrotron radiation. Imaging J Clin Medical Sci 5: 001-007.
  136. Alireza Heidari (2018) Small-Angle neutron scattering (SANS) and wide-angle x-ray diffraction (WAXD) comparative study on malignant and benign human cancer cells and tissues under synchrotron radiation. Int J Bioorg Chem Mol Biol 6: 1-6.
  137. Alireza Heidari (2018) Investigation of bladder cancer, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, endometrial cancer, kidney cancer, leukemia, liver, lung cancer, melanoma, non-hodgkin lymphoma, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, thyroid cancer and non-melanoma skin cancer using synchrotron technology for proton beam therapy: an experimental biospectroscopic comparative study. Ther Res Skin Dis 1.
  138. Alireza Heidari (2018) Attenuated total reflectance fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, micro-attenuated total reflectance fourier transform infrared (Micro-ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy and macro-attenuated total reflectance fourier transform infrared (Macro-ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy comparative study on malignant and benign human cancer cells and tissues under synchrotron radiation with the passage of time. International Journal of Chemistry Papers 2: 1-12.
  139. Alireza Heidari (2018) Mössbauer spectroscopy, mössbauer emission spectroscopy and 57fe mössbauer spectroscopy comparative study on malignant and benign human cancer cells and tissues under synchrotron radiation. Acta Scientific Cancer Biology 2: 17-20.
  140. Alireza Heidari (2018) Comparative study on malignant and benign human cancer cells and tissues under synchrotron radiation with the passage of time. Organic & Medicinal Chem IJ 6.
  141. Alireza Heidari (2018) Correlation spectroscopy, exclusive correlation spectroscopy and total correlation spectroscopy comparative study on malignant and benign human aids-related cancers cells and tissues with the passage of time under synchrotron radiation. Int J Bioanal Biomed 2: 001-007.
  142. Alireza Heidari (2018) Biomedical instrumentation and applications of biospectroscopic methods and techniques in malignant and benign human cancer cells and tissues studies under synchrotron radiation and anti-cancer nano drugs delivery. Am J Nanotechnol Nanomed 1: 001-009.
  143. Alireza Heidari (2018) Vivo 1H or proton NMR, 13C NMR, 15N NMR and 31P NMR spectroscopy comparative study on malignant and benign human cancer cells and tissues under synchrotron radiation. Ann Biomet Biostat 1: 1001.
  144. Alireza Heidari (2018) Grazing-Incidence small-angle neutron scattering (GISANS) and Grazing-Incidence x-ray diffraction (GIXD) comparative study on malignant and benign human cancer cells, tissues and tumors under synchrotron radiation. Ann Cardiovasc Surg 1: 1006.
  145. Alireza Heidari (2018) Adsorption isotherms and kinetics of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), Boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs), Amorphous boron nitride nanotubes (a-BNNTs) and Hexagonal boron nitride nanotubes (h-BNNTs) for eliminating carcinoma, sarcoma, lymphoma, leukemia, germ cell tumor and blastoma cancer cells and tissues. Clin Med Rev Case Rep 5: 201.
  146. Alireza Heidari (2018) Correlation Spectroscopy (COSY), Exclusive Correlation Spectroscopy (ECOSY), Total Correlation Spectroscopy (TOCSY), Incredible Natural-Abundance Double-Quantum Transfer Experiment (INADEQUATE), Heteronuclear Single-Quantum Correlation Spectroscopy (HSQC), Heteronuclear Multiple-Bond Correlation Spectroscopy (HMBC), Nuclear Overhauser Effect Spectroscopy (NOESY) and Rotating Frame Nuclear Overhauser Effect Spectroscopy (ROESY) comparative study on malignant and benign human cancer cells and tissues under synchrotron radiation. Acta Scientific Pharmaceutical Sciences 2: 30-35.
  147. Alireza Heidari (2018) Small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS), ultra-small angle x-ray scattering (USAXS), fluctuation x-ray scattering (FXS), wide-angle x-ray scattering (WAXS), grazing-incidence small-angle x-ray scattering (GISAXS), grazing-incidence wide-angle x-ray scattering (GIWAXS), small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), grazing-incidence small-angle neutron scattering (GISANS), x-ray diffraction (XRD), powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD), wide-angle x-ray diffraction (WAXD), grazing-incidence x-ray diffraction (GIXD) and energy-dispersive x-ray diffraction (EDXRD) comparative study on malignant and benign human cancer cells and tissues under synchrotron radiation. Oncol Res Rev 1: 1-10.
  148. Alireza Heidari (2018) Pump-Probe spectroscopy and transient grating spectroscopy comparative study on malignant and benign human cancer cells and tissues with the passage of time under synchrotron radiation. Adv Material Sci Engg 2: 1-7.
  149. Alireza Heidari (2018) Grazing-Incidence small-angle x-ray scattering (GISAXS) and Grazing-Incidence wide-angle x-ray scattering (GIWAXS) comparative study on malignant and benign human cancer cells and tissues under synchrotron radiation. Insights Pharmacol Pharm Sci 1: 1-8.
  150. Alireza Heidari (2018) Acoustic spectroscopy, acoustic resonance spectroscopy and auger spectroscopy comparative study on anti-cancer nano drugs delivery in malignant and benign human cancer cells and tissues with the passage of time under synchrotron radiation. Nanosci Technol 5: 1-9.
  151. Alireza Heidari (2018) Niobium, technetium, ruthenium, rhodium, hafnium, rhenium, osmium and iridium ions incorporation into the nano polymeric matrix (NPM) by immersion of the nano polymeric modified electrode (NPME) as molecular enzymes and drug targets for human cancer cells, tissues and tumors treatment under synchrotron and synchrocyclotron radiations. Nanomed Nanotechnol 3.
  152. Alireza Heidari (2018) Homonuclear correlation experiments such as homonuclear single- quantum correlation spectroscopy (HSQC), homonuclear multiple-quantum correlation spectroscopy (HMQC) and homonuclear multiple-bond correlation spectroscopy (HMBC) comparative study on malignant and benign human cancer cells and tissues under synchrotron radiation. Austin J Proteomics Bioinform & Genomics 5: 1024.
  153. Alireza Heidari (2018) Atomic force microscopy based infrared (AFM-IR) spectroscopy and nuclear resonance vibrational spectroscopy comparative study on malignant and benign human cancer cells and tissues under synchrotron radiation with the passage of time. J Appl Biotechnol Bioeng 5: 138-144.
  154. Alireza Heidari (2018) Time-Dependent vibrational spectral analysis of malignant and benign human cancer cells and tissues under synchrotron radiation. J Cancer Oncol 2.
  155. Alireza Heidari (2018) Palauamine and olympiadane nano molecules incorporation into the nano polymeric matrix (NPM) by immersion of the nano polymeric modified electrode (NPME) as molecular enzymes and drug targets for human cancer cells, tissues and tumors treatment under synchrotron and synchrocyclotron radiations. Arc Org Inorg Chem Sci 3.
  156. Ricardo Gobato, Alireza Heidari (2018) Infrared spectrum and sites of action of sanguinarine by molecular mechanics and ab initio methods. International Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences 2: 1-9.
  157. Alireza Heidari (2018) Gamma linolenic methyl ester, 5-heptadeca-5,8,11-trienyl 1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thiol, sulphoquinovosyl diacyl glycerol, ruscogenin, nocturnoside b, protodioscine b, parquisoside-b, leiocarposide, narangenin, 7-methoxy hespertin, lupeol, rosemariquinone, rosmanol and rosemadiol nano molecules incorporation into the nano polymeric matrix (npm) by immersion of the nano polymeric modifi ed electrode (npme) as molecular enzymes and drug targets for human cancer cells, tissues and tumors treatment under synchrotron and synchrocyclotron radiations. Int J Pharma Anal Acta 2: 007-014.
  158. Alireza Heidari (2018) Angelic acid, diabolic acids, draculin and miraculin nano molecules incorporation into the nano polymeric matrix (NPM) by immersion of the nano polymeric modified electrode (NPME) as molecular enzymes and drug targets for human cancer cells, tissues and tumors treatment under synchrotron and synchrocyclotron radiations. Med & Analy Chem Int J 2.
  159. Alireza Heidari (2018) Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, attenuated total reflectance fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, micro-attenuated total reflectance fourier transform infrared (MICRO-ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, macro-attenuated total reflectance fourier transform infrared (MACRO-ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, two-dimensional infrared correlation spectroscopy, linear two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy, non-linear two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy based infrared (AFM-IR) spectroscopy, infrared photodissociation spectroscopy, infrared correlation table spectroscopy, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), mid-infrared spectroscopy (MIRS), nuclear resonance vibrational spectroscopy, thermal infrared spectroscopy and photothermal infrared spectroscopy comparative study on malignant and benign human cancer cells and tissues under synchrotron radiation with the passage of time. Glob Imaging Insights 3: 1-14.
  160. Alireza Heidari (2018) Heteronuclear single-quantum correlation spectroscopy (HSQC) and heteronuclear multiple-bond correlation spectroscopy (HMBC) comparative study on malignant and benign human cancer cells, tissues and tumors under synchrotron and synchrocyclotron radiations. Chronicle of Medicine and Surgery 2: 151-163.
  161. Alireza Heidari (2018) Tetrakis [3, 5-bis (Trifluoromethyl) Phenyl] Borate (BARF)- enhanced precatalyst preparation stabilization and initiation (EPPSI) nano molecules. Medical Research and Clinical Case Reports 2: 113-126.
  162. Alireza Heidari (2018) Sydnone, münchnone, montréalone, mogone, montelukast, quebecol and palau'amine-enhanced precatalyst preparation stabilization and initiation (EPPSI) nano molecules. Surgery & Case Studies: Open Access Journal J 1.
  163. Alireza Heidari (2018) Fornacite, orotic acid, rhamnetin, sodium ethyl xanthate (SEX) and Spermine (Spermidine or Polyamine) nanomolecules incorporation into the nanopolymeric matrix (NPM). International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules 4: 1-19.
  164. Alireza Heidari, Ricardo Gobato (2018) Putrescine, cadaverine, spermine and spermidine- enhanced precatalyst preparation stabilization and initiation (EPPSI) nano molecules. Parana Journal of Science and Education 4: 1-14.
  165. Alireza Heidari (2018) Cadaverine (1,5-Pentanediamine or Pentamethylenediamine), diethyl azodicarboxylate (DEAD or DEADCAT) and putrescine (Tetramethylenediamine) nano molecules incorporation into the nano polymeric matrix (NPM) by immersion of the nano polymeric modified electrode (NPME) as molecular enzymes and drug targets for human cancer cells, tissues and tumors treatment under synchrotron and synchrocyclotron radiations. HIV and Sexual Health Open Access Open Journal 1: 4-11.
  166. Alireza Heidari (2018) Improving the performance of nano-endofullerenes in polyaniline nanostructure-based biosensors by covering californium colloidal nanoparticles with multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Journal of Advances in Nanomaterials 3: 1-28.
  167. Ricardo Gobato, Alireza Heidari (2018) Molecular mechanics and quantum chemical study on sites of action of sanguinarine using vibrational spectroscopy based on molecular mechanics and quantum chemical calculations. Malaysian Journal of Chemistry 20: 1-23.
  168. Alireza Heidari (2018) Vibrational biospectroscopic studies on anti-cancer nanopharmaceuticals (Part I). Malaysian Journal of Chemistry 20: 33-73.
  169. Alireza Heidari (2018) Vibrational Biospectroscopic studies on anti-cancer nanopharmaceuticals (Part II). Malaysian Journal of Chemistry 20: 74-117.
  170. Alireza Heidari (2018) Uranocene (U(C8H8)2) and bis(Cyclooctatetraene)Iron (Fe(C8H8)2 or Fe(COT)2)-enhanced precatalyst preparation stabilization and initiation (EPPSI) nano molecules. Chemistry Reports 1: 1-16.
  171. Alireza Heidari (2018) Biomedical systematic and emerging technological study on human malignant and benign cancer cells and tissues biospectroscopic analysis under synchrotron radiation. Glob Imaging Insights 3: 1-7.
  172. Alireza Heidari (2018) Deep-level transient spectroscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) comparative study on malignant and benign human cancer cells and tissues with the passage of time under synchrotron radiation. Res Dev Material Sci 7.
  173. Alireza Heidari (2018) C70-carboxyfullerenes nano molecules incorporation into the nano polymeric matrix (NPM) by immersion of the nano polymeric modified electrode (NPME) as molecular enzymes and drug targets for human cancer cells, tissues and tumors treatment under synchrotron and synchrocyclotron radiations. Glob Imaging Insights 3: 1-7.
  174. Alireza Heidari (2018) The effect of temperature on cadmium oxide (CdO) nanoparticles produced by synchrotron radiation in the human cancer cells, tissues and tumors. International Journal of Advanced Chemistry 6: 140-156.
  175. Alireza Heidari (2018) A clinical and molecular pathology investigation of correlation spectroscopy (COSY), exclusive correlation spectroscopy (ECOSY), total correlation spectroscopy (TOCSY), heteronuclear single-quantum correlation spectroscopy (HSQC) and heteronuclear multiple-bond correlation spectroscopy (HMBC) comparative study on malignant and benign human cancer cells, tissues and tumors under synchrotron and synchrocyclotron radiations using cyclotron versus synchrotron, synchrocyclotron and the large hadron collider (LHC) for delivery of proton and helium ion (Charged Particle) beams for oncology radiotherapy. European Journal of Advances in Engineering and Technology 5: 414-426.
  176. Alireza Heidari (2018) Nano molecules incorporation into the nano polymeric matrix (NPM) by immersion of the nano polymeric modified electrode (NPME) as molecular enzymes and drug targets for human cancer cells, tissues and tumors treatment under synchrotron and synchrocyclotron radiations. J Oncol Res 1: 1-20.
  177. Alireza Heidari (2018) Use of molecular enzymes in the treatment of chronic disorders. Cancer and Oncology: Open Access Journal 1: 12-15.
  178. Alireza Heidari (2018) Vibrational biospectroscopic study and chemical structure analysis of unsaturated polyamides nanoparticles as anti-cancer polymeric nanomedicines using synchrotron radiation. International Journal of Advanced Chemistry 6: 167-189.
  179. Alireza Heidari (2018) Adamantane, Irene, Naftazone and pyridine-enhanced precatalyst preparation stabilization and initiation (PEPPSI) nano molecules. Madridge Journal of Novel Drug Research 2: 61-67.
  180. Alireza Heidari (2018) Heteronuclear single-quantum correlation spectroscopy (HSQC) and heteronuclear multiple-bond correlation spectroscopy (HMBC) comparative study on malignant and benign human cancer cells and tissues with the passage of time under synchrotron radiation. Madridge Journal of Novel Drug Research 2: 68-74.
  181. Alireza Heidari, Ricardo Gobato (2018) A novel approach to reduce toxicities and to improve bioavailabilities of DNA/RNA of human cancer cells-containing cocaine (Coke), lysergide (Lysergic Acid Diethyl Amide or LSD), Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) [(-)- trans-Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol], theobromine (Xantheose), caffeine, aspartame (APM) (NutraSweet) and zidovudine (ZDV) [Azidothymidine (AZT)] as anti-cancer nano drugs by coassembly of dual anti-cancer nano drugs to inhibit DNA/RNA of human cancer cells drug resistance. Parana Journal of Science and Education 4: 1-17.
  182. Alireza Heidari, Ricardo Gobato (2018) Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy comparative study on malignant and benign human cancer cells and tissues with the passage of time under synchrotron radiation. Parana Journal of Science and Education 4: 18-33.
  183. Ricardo Gobato, Alireza Heidari, Abhijit Mitra (2018) The creation of C13H20BeLi2SeSi. the proposal of a bio-inorganic molecule, using Ab initio methods for the genesis of a nano membrane. Archives of Organic and Inorganic Chemical Sciences 3.
  184. Ricardo Gobato, Alireza Heidari (2018) Using the quantum chemistry for genesis of a nano biomembrane with a combination of the elements Be, Li, Se, Si, C and H. Journal of Nanomedicine Research 7: 241-252.
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Citation

Heidari A (2018) Production of Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) Biosensor Using Os-Pd/HfC Nanocomposites for Detecting and Tracking of Human Gastroenterological Cancer Cells, Tissues and Tumors. Int J Med Nano Res 5:022. doi.org/10.23937/2378-3664/1410022