Table 2: Sociodemographic, clinical and serological features according to whether cutaneous manifestations were present or not. univariable and multivariable analyses.

 

With Cutaneous Manifestations (n = 1387)#

Without Cutaneous Manifestations (n = 93)#

Univariable Analyses

Multivariable Analyses*

OR (95% CI)

p Value

OR (95% CI)

  p Value

Female, n (%)

1255 (90.5)

75 (80.6)

2.281 (1.323-3.934)

0.002

3.052 (1.132-8.233)

0.028

Age at SLE onset ≤ 30 years, n (%)

878 (63.3)

41 (44.1)

0.457 (0.299-0.698)

< 0.001

  0.969 (0.943-0.996)

0.023

Ethnicity, n (%)

 

 

 

 

 

 

Caucasian

567 (40.9)

39 (41.9)

Reference

0.748

 

 

Mestizo

606 (43.7)

39 (41.9)

1.069 (0.676-1.690)

0.882

 

 

African/Latin American

171 (12.3)

15 (16.2)

0.784 (0.422-1.457)

0.330

 

 

Others

43 (3.1)

0

1.000 (0.000-1.000)

0.987

 

 

Socioeconomic status, n (%)

 

 

 

 

 

 

High / Medium High

140 (10.1)

12 (12.9)

Reference

0.482

 

 

Medium

398 (28.7)

29 (31.2)

1.176 (0.584-2.368)

0.703

 

 

Medium Low / Low

849 (61.2)

52 (55.9)

1.399 (0.729-2.688)

0.305

 

 

Clinical Manifestations, n (%)

 

 

 

 

 

 

Systemic

1152 (83.1)

65 (69.9)

2.112 (1.327-3.361)

0.002

2.865 (1.290-6.364)

0.010

Musculoskeletal

1297 (93.5)

78 (83.9)

2.771 (1.532-5.012)

0.002

 5.542 (2.071-14.836)

0.001

Ocular

242 (17.4)

17 (18.3)

0.945 (0.549-1.628)

0.780

 

 

Pleuropulmonary

381 (27.5)

40 (43.0)

0.520 (0.313-0.796)

0.002

0.443 (0.207-0.950)

0.036

Cardiac

290 (20.1)

32 (34.4)

0.504 (0.322-0.788)

0.002

 

 

Renal

819 (59.0)

57 (61.3)

0.911 (0.592-1.401)

0.670

 

 

Neurologic

498 (35.9)

27 (29.0)

1.369 (0.864-2.171)

0.218

 

 

Hematologic

1089 (78.5)

79 (84.9)

0.648 (0.362-1.160)

0.151

 

 

SDI ≥ 1 (at last follow-up), n (%)

773 (55.7)

53 (57.0)

0.952 (0.620-1.452)

0.830

 

 

Mean SLEDAI ≥ 4, n (%)

816 (58.8)

43 (46.2)

1.660 (1.091-2.533)

0.022

 

 

Deceased, n (%)

82 (5.9)

8 (8.6)

0.668 (0.313-1.425)

0.292

 

 

Treatment, n (%)

 

 

 

 

 

 

Antimalarial use

1154 (83.2)

60 (64.5)

2.724 (1.741-4.261)

< 0.001

 

 

Corticosteroids use

1308 (94.3)

84 (90.3)

1.774 (0.860-3.659)

0.108

 

 

Cyclophosphamide use

47 (3.4)

1 (1.1)

 3.227 (0.440-23.652)

0.361

 

 

Methotrexate use

169 (12.2)

6 (6.5)

2.012 (0.866-4.673)

0.133

 

 

Azathioprine use

444 (32.0)

33 (24.7)

1.433 (0.883-2.326)

0.167

 

 

Immunological laboratory, n (%)

 

 

 

 

 

 

Anti-ANA antibodies

1302 (98.0)

91 (100.0)

1.070 (1.055-1.085)

0.406

 

 

Anti-DNA antibodies

829 (72.7)

62 (77.5)

0.771 (0.449-1.325)

0.434

 

 

Anti-RNP antibodies

308 (55.3)

14 (33.3)

2.474 (1.275-4.801)

0.006

 

 

Anti-Sm antibodies

335 (47.9)

15 (32.6)

2.177 (1.153-4.109)

0.015

 

 

Anti-Ro antibodies

330 (52.5)

13 (31.7)

2.377 (1.209-4.674)

0.015

2.485 (1.131-5.461)

0.023

Anti-La antibodies

182 (31.2)

9 (24.3)

1.412 (0.653-3.053)

0.464

 

 

IgG Anticardiolipin antibodies

347 (49.4)

16 (42.1)

1.344 (0.694-2.602)

0.409

 

 

IgM Anticadiolipin antibodies

139 (38.1)

15 (44.1)

0.778 (0.388-1.561)

0.475

 

 

Hypocomplementemia

810 (68.5)

46 (61.3)

1.369 (0.847-2.214)

0.203

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

#Total n are different in the evaluation of immune laboratory.

*Gender, age, the average SLEDAI score and the last SDI score were included in the multivariable analyses as adjustemet variabels.

SLEDAI: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (including cutaneous manifestations)

SDI: Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology Damage Index (excluding cutaneous manifestations)

OR: Odd Ratio

CI: Confidence Interval