Smokers and Ex-smokers

Non-Smokers

p-value

Age

(n = 292)

(n = 240)

0.027^†

 ± sd

Median (Q₁-Q₃)

58.45 ± 8.78

58 (52-63)

60.20 ± 9.33

59 (53-67)

Duration of Diabetes (Year)

0.001⁺

 ± sd

Median (Q₁-Q₃)

9.65 ± 6.55

8 (5-14)

11.72 ± 7.24

10 (6-16)

Time to Switch to Insulin After Diagnosis (Year)

0.000⁺

 ± sd

Median (Q₁-Q₃)

6.25 ± 5.48

5 (2-9)

8.30 ± 6.32

7 (3-11.5)

Insulin Use Time (Year)

0.973⁺

 ± sd

Median (Q₁-Q₃)

3.63 ± 3.33

3 (1-4.5)

3.64 ± 3.34

2 (1-5)

Diabetes Onset Age

< 0.761⁺

 ± sd

Median (Q₁-Q₃)

48.84 ± 9.56

48 (42-55)

48.47 ± 8.78

47 (42-53)

HbA1c

0.495⁺

 ± sd

Median (Q₁-Q₃)

8.35 ± 1.88

8 (6.9-9.4)

8.48 ± 1.99

7.95 (7.1-9.45)

BMI (kg/m²)

0.07⁺

 ± sd

Median (Q₁-Q₃)

29.55 ± 4.89

29 (26.25-32.4)

30.86 ± 5.46

30.40 (26.8-33.9)

Treatment Protocol (n, %)

0.374^*

OAD + insulin

115 (0.39)

94 (0.39)

Pre-mix insulin

88 (0.3)

84 (0.35)

Intensive insulin

89 (0.31)

62 (0.26)