Table 1: Outcome measures for DSME [33,41].

Short-term outcomes

Intermediate (process) outcomes

Long-term outcomes

·       Glycaemic control

        HbA1c

        Blood glucose

·       Physiologic outcomes

        Weight

        Lipid profiles

        Foot lesions

        Blood pressure

        Microalbuminuria

        Retinopathy

·       Lifestyle

        Physical activity

        Diet

        Smoking

·       Mental health outcomes

        Depression

        Anxiety

·       Work-related outcomes

        Work days lost

        Restricted duty days

·       Knowledge

·       Skills

        Problem-solving skills

        SMBG

        Medication administration (including insulin)

·       Psychosocial outcomes

        Self-efficacy

        Health beliefs

        Mood

        Attitude

        Coping skills

        Self-assessed health status

        Locus of control

        Perceived barriers to adherence

·       Healthcare system outcomes

        Regular source of care

        Regular visits

        Availability of patient’s education

        Medication adherence

        Screening foot and eye exams

        Monitoring of glycaemic control

        Monitoring of CVD risk factors

·       Macro vascular complications

        Peripheral vascular disease

        Coronary heart disease

        Cerebrovascular disease

·       Micro vascular complications

        Retinopathy

        Nephropathy

        Peripheral neuropathy

        Periodontal disease

        Foot lesion, amputations

·       Mortality

·       Quality of life

        Disability/function

·       Economic outcomes

        Outpatient utilisation

        Hospitalization rates

        Cost

        Cost-effectiveness and cost benefits