Table 3: Bivariat and Multivariable analysis of factors associated with diabetic foot ulcer in Gamo and Gofa Zone, SNNPR 'Ethiopia April-March, 2018 (n = 323).
|
Variable |
Category |
DFU |
COR (95%CI) |
AOR (95%Cl) |
p-value |
|
|
Yes (%) |
No (%) |
|||||
|
Sex |
Male |
40 (80) |
165 (60.4) |
2.61 (1.28-5.45)** |
3.04 (1.06-8.71) |
0.038 |
|
Female |
10 (20) |
108 (39.6) |
1 |
1 |
||
|
Area of residence |
Rural |
33 (66) |
103 (37.7) |
3.20 (1.69-6.04)*** |
|
|
|
Urban |
17 (34) |
170 (62.3) |
1 |
|
|
|
|
Educational status |
Can't read and write |
33 (66) |
85 (31.1) |
4.65 (2.32-9.32)*** |
|
|
|
Read and write |
4 (6) |
32 (11.7) |
1.5 (0.45-4.89)*** |
|
|
|
|
Formal Education |
13 (26) |
156 (57.1) |
1 |
|
|
|
|
Peripheral Neuropathic disease |
Yes |
30 (60) |
72 (26.4) |
4.96 (2.62-9.38)*** |
4.48 (1.81-11.08) |
0.001 |
|
No |
20 (40) |
201 (73.5) |
1 |
1 |
||
|
Visional Impairment |
Yes |
31 (62) |
66 (24.2) |
5.60 (2.82-11.20)*** |
2.90 (1.05-8.01) |
0.04 |
|
No |
19 [20] |
207 (75.8) |
1 |
1 |
||
|
Foot self care practice |
Poor self care practice |
42 (84) |
146 (53.5) |
0.21 (0.99-0.48) |
3.42 (1.25-9.37) |
0.017 |
|
Good self care practice |
8 [10] |
127 (46.5) |
1 |
1 |
||
|
Type of DM |
T2DM |
40 [21] |
196 (71.8) |
1.57 (0.74-3.29) |
|
|
|
T1DM |
10 (20) |
77 (28.2) |
1 |
|
||
|
Duration of DM |
Above 10 years |
15 (30) |
23 (8.4) |
7.8 (3.4-18.17)*** |
1.91(1.05-3.49) |
0.034 |
|
5-10 years |
20 (40) |
69 (25.3) |
3.49 (1.69-7.2)** |
|
|
|
|
< 5 years |
15 (30) |
181 (66.3) |
1 |
1 |
|
|
|
Foot pulse |
No (Absent) |
26 (54) |
54 (22.7) |
4.39 (2.34-8.24)** |
3.74 (1.52-9.20) |
0.004 |
|
Yes (present) |
24 [20] |
219 (80.2) |
1 |
1 |
||
|
Ill fitting shoe |
Yes |
25 (50) |
97 (35.5) |
1.81 (0.88-3.33) |
2.6 (1.07-6.42) |
0.035 |
|
No |
25 |
176 (64.5) |
1 |
|
||
|
Follow up regular |
No |
12 (24) |
45 (16.5) |
1.6 (0.77-3.29) |
|
|
|
Yes |
38 (76) |
228 (83.5) |
1 |
|
|
|
|
Deformity |
Present |
33 (66) |
78 (28.6) |
8.69 (4.24-17.79)*** |
9.1 (3.4-24.3) |
0.001 |
|
Absent |
17 (34) |
195 (71.4) |
1 |
1 |
||
|
Sensory lost to vibration |
Yes |
30 (60) |
81 (16.5) |
3.55 (1.9-6.62)*** |
3.89 (1.61-9.38) |
0.003 |
|
No |
20 (40) |
192 (70.) |
1 |
1 |
||
|
Callus of the foot |
Yes |
24 [20] |
76 (27.8) |
2.39 (1.29-4.42)** |
|
|
|
No |
26 (52) |
197 (72.2) |
1 |
|
||
|
BMI (Overweight/obesity) |
BMI (> = 25 kg/m2) |
36 (72) |
148 (54.2) |
0.46 (0.23-0.89) |
|
|
|
BMI (< 25 kg/m2) |
14 [20] |
125 (45.8) |
1 |
|
||
|
Glycemic control |
Poor control |
42 (84) |
155 (56.8) |
5.09 (1.53-16.9)** |
4.16 (1.4-12.3) |
0.010 |
|
Good control |
8 [10] |
118 (43.2) |
1 |
1 |
||
|
Skin texture |
Dry and crack |
34 (32) |
86 (31.5) |
4.62 (2.4 -8.8)*** |
|
|
|
Smooth and moist |
16 (32) |
187 (68.5) |
1 |
|
||
|
Physical activities(MET min/wk |
< 600 MET |
12 (24) |
70 (25.6) |
0.57 (0.28-1.15) |
|
|
|
600-2999 MET |
20 (40) |
134 (49.1) |
0.65 (0.29-1.46) |
|
||
|
> = 3000 MET |
18 [10] |
69 (25.3) |
1 |
|
||
[Note: * = p-values < 0.05, ** = P-value < 0.01, *** = P-value < 0.001].