Table 1: Patients’ characteristics: anthropometry and laboratory tests.

 

Baseline

4 weeks

8 weeks

12 weeks

Age (yrs)

65.0 ± 11.9

 

Males/Females

12/5

 

Duration of diabetes (yrs)

10.0 ± 4.4

 

Insulin (No. of patients)

Antidiabetes drugs (No.)

4

 

3.0 ± 0.5

 

Dose of glimepiride (mg/day)

1.0 ± 0.5

0.5 ± 0.3

Other antidiabetes drugs

Insulin

4

DPP4-I

10

Metformin

14

Thiazolidine

12

αGI

1

BMI (kg/m2)

28.0 ± 2.9

27.8 ± 3.0

27.4 ± 3.1

27.4 ± 3.1*

SBP (mmHg)

135 ± 14

133 ± 11

130 ± 9

125 ± 11*

DBP (mmHg)

77 ± 8

78 ± 9

75 ± 7*

77 ± 9

HR (bpm)

80 ± 5

83 ± 10

79 ± 7

79 ± 12

HbA1c (%: mmol/mol)

7.3 ± 0.3: 56

7.3 ± 0.3: 56*

7.1 ± 0.2: 53*

7.1 ± 0.4: 53*

Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dl)

136.0 ± 21.6

115.0 ± 19.5

123.0 ± 17.6

121.0 ± 18.4

Glycoalbumin (%)

20.0 ± 2.3

17.6 ± 2.2*

18.2 ± 2.0*

19.4 ± 2.4

CGM

Duration of measurement (days)

3.3 ± 1.4

 

 

4.5 ± 1.5

Average blood glucose (mg/dl)

156.8 ± 23.5

 

 

129.4 ± 10.4#

SD (mg/dl)

45.7 ± 12.6

 

 

32.4 ± 9.0

MAGE (mg/dl)

96.5 ± 30.6

 

 

73.4 ± 18.9

M value (mg/dl)

162.4 ± 87.2

 

 

51.0 ± 34.8

MODD (mg/dl)

36.0 ± 10.3

 

 

26.9 ± 8.6

HOMA-R (n = 13)

3.0 ± 0.8

1.6 ± 0.7*

2.2 ± 0.6

2.1 ± 1.4

HOMA-β (n = 13)

52.2 ± 20.0

43.9 ± 21.3

39.7 ± 15.0

51.1 ± 20.0

fasting C-peptide index

2.0 ± 0.5

1.8 ± 0.7

1.6 ± 0.6

1.5 ± 0.6

Ht (%)

42.2 ± 3.1

43.1 ± 2.9

43.2 ± 3.5

43.8 ± 2.9

Uric acid (mg/dl)

5.3 ± 0.8

4.8 ± 0.7

5.2 ± 0.8

4.8 ± 0.6*

Cre (mg/dl)

0.80 ± 0.16

0.86 ± 0.08

0.80 ± 0.12

0.87 ± 0.14

eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2)

73 ± 12

71 ± 9

72 ± 11

68 ± 10

TG (mg/dl)

94 ± 64

99 ± 66

94 ± 60

82 ± 42

LDL-C (mg/dl)

116 ± 10

100 ± 19

112 ± 15

108 ± 15

HDL-C (mg/dl)

53 ± 10

47 ± 10

52 ± 8

56 ± 11

Urine Alb (mg/gCr)

16 ± 40

12 ± 17

10 ± 15

7 ± 14

CRP (mg/dl)

0.12 ± 0.07

0.17 ± 0.09

0.10 ± 0.08

0.08 ± 0.07

FFA (mEq/l)

505 ± 147

625 ± 154*

562 ± 212

760 ± 177*

Serum total ketone bodies (μmol/l)

61 ± 47

162 ± 140*

94 ± 79

126 ± 105

 

 

*P values (Dunn test) vs. baseline: #P values (Wilcoxon test) vs. baseline

Abbreviations: DPP4-I: DPP4 Inhibitor; α-GI: α-Glucosidase Inhibitor; BMI: Body Mass Index; SBP: Systolic Blood Pressure; DBP: Diastolic Blood Pressure; HR: Heart Rate; SD: Standard Deviation; MAGE: Mean Amplitude of Glycemic Excursions; MODD: Mean of the Daily Difference; HOMA: Homeostasis Model Assessment; Ht: Hematocrit; Cre: Creatinine; eGFR: estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate; TG: Triglyceride; LDL-C: Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol; HDL-C: High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol;  FFA: Free Fatty Acid