Table
2: Association
of poor glycemic control and social demographic and clinical characteristics of
member with diabetes.
|
Characteristic |
% |
P value** |
||
|
Total |
HbA1c next year |
|||
|
≤ 9.0% |
> 9.0% |
|||
|
(N = 4,458) |
(N = 3,482) |
(N = 976) |
||
|
Quintile of HbA1c
variability |
|
|
|
< 0.0001 |
|
1st |
20.82 |
22.2 |
15.37 |
|
|
2nd |
17.92 |
18.64 |
15.88 |
|
|
3rd |
21.13 |
21.97 |
18.14 |
|
|
4th |
20.12 |
19.56 |
22.13 |
|
|
5th |
20.01 |
17.63 |
28.47 |
|
|
Absolute change HbA1c |
0.1(-0.2-0.4) |
0.1(-0.1-0.39) |
0.1(-0.3-0.5) |
0.0076 |
|
Mean HbA1c |
6.80(6.28-7.53) |
6.75(6.25-7.40) |
7.13(6.43-8.15) |
< 0.0001 |
|
Age group (years) |
|
|
|
0.0784 |
|
65-74 |
30.37 |
29.7 |
32.79 |
|
|
75-84 |
51.68 |
52.56 |
48.57 |
|
|
≥ 85 |
17.95 |
17.75 |
18.65 |
|
|
Gender |
|
|
|
0.2248 |
|
Female |
54.37 |
54.85 |
52.66 |
|
|
Male |
45.63 |
45.15 |
47.34 |
|
|
Race |
|
|
|
0.6097 |
|
White |
87.01 |
86.88 |
87.5 |
|
|
Non-white |
12.99 |
13.12 |
12.5 |
|
|
Median household
income quartile |
|
|
|
0.6396 |
|
First (< $48,683) |
26.61 |
26.97 |
25.31 |
|
|
Second ($48,683-$67,236) |
24.73 |
24.48 |
25.62 |
|
|
Third ($67,237-$81,714) |
24.23 |
24.36 |
23.76 |
|
|
Fourth (> $81,714) |
24.43 |
24.19 |
25.31 |
|
|
Education level
quartile |
|
|
|
0.6334 |
|
1st (< 17.3% college or
higher) |
23.3 |
25.23 |
25.21 |
|
|
2nd (17.3%-27.0%) |
26 |
26.28 |
27.38 |
|
|
3rd (27.1%-43.5%) |
25.5 |
23.69 |
21.8 |
|
|
4th (> 43.5%) |
25.2 |
24.8 |
25.62 |
|
|
Product type |
|
|
|
0.1433 |
|
HMO |
95.72 |
95.95 |
94.88 |
|
|
PPO |
4.28 |
4.05 |
5.12 |
|
|
Comorbidities |
|
|
|
|
|
Obesity |
15.03 |
14.38 |
17.33 |
0.0226 |
|
Tobacco use |
8.6 |
8.28 |
9.74 |
0.1506 |
|
Hypertension |
90.39 |
90.39 |
90.36 |
0.9738 |
|
Hyperlipidemia |
86.12 |
86.11 |
86.15 |
0.9713 |
|
Ischemic heart
disease |
11.3 |
10.99 |
12.41 |
0.2149 |
|
Stroke |
15.39 |
15.1 |
16.41 |
0.316 |
|
Anxiety |
6.87 |
6.76 |
7.28 |
0.5681 |
|
Depression |
8.29 |
7.71 |
10.36 |
0.008 |
|
Chronic kidney
disease |
22.48 |
21.63 |
25.54 |
0.0097 |
|
Diabetic complications |
|
|
|
|
|
Diabetic retinopathy |
17.45 |
17.86 |
16 |
0.1762 |
|
Diabetic neuropathy |
18.31 |
18.44 |
17.85 |
0.6741 |
|
Diabetic nephropathy |
12.83 |
12.42 |
14.26 |
0.1306 |
|
Modified Charlson comorbidity index |
|
|
|
0.3034 |
|
0 |
26.68 |
26.86 |
26.05 |
|
|
1-2 |
34.19 |
34.6 |
32.72 |
|
|
≥ 3 |
39.13 |
38.54 |
41.23 |
|
|
Emergency department
visit |
30.62 |
29.38 |
35.04 |
0.0007 |
|
Number of outpatient
visit* |
1(0-3) |
1(0-3) |
2(0-4) |
0.0086 |
|
Any hospitalization |
18.89 |
18.09 |
21.72 |
0.0105 |
|
Number of
PCP/internist visit* |
9(5-16) |
9(5-16) |
9(5-16) |
0.6334 |
|
Endocrinologist visit |
19.96 |
19.96 |
19.98 |
0.9891 |
|
Nephrologist visit |
10.32 |
9.85 |
11.99 |
0.0524 |
|
Podiatrist |
33.15 |
33.72 |
31.15 |
0.1319 |
|
Cardiologist |
52.65 |
53.04 |
51.23 |
0.3156 |
|
Number of specialist
visit* |
4(1-9) |
4(2-9) |
4(1-8) |
0.4988 |
|
Ambulance use |
44.59 |
44 |
46.72 |
0.1303 |
|
Echography |
28.8 |
28.37 |
30.33 |
0.2337 |
|
EKG |
44.24 |
44.69 |
42.62 |
0.2512 |
|
Stress test |
11.84 |
11.86 |
11.78 |
0.9467 |
|
DxCG risk score tertile |
|
|
|
0.0908 |
|
1st (0.066-3.312) |
33.02 |
33.2 |
32.38 |
|
|
2nd (3.313-7.911) |
33 |
33.6 |
30.84 |
|
|
3rd (7.911-178.784) |
33.98 |
33.2 |
36.78 |
|
|
Number of distinct
generic drug* |
10(7-14) |
10(7-14) |
10(7-14) |
0.0518 |
|
Insulin use |
22.75 |
20.42 |
31.05 |
< 0.0001 |
|
Statin use |
72.97 |
73.03 |
72.75 |
0.8585 |
|
Antidiabetic MPR ≥ 80% |
70.1 |
70.22 |
69.67 |
0.7419 |
|
Number of HbA1c
measurements |
3(3-4) |
3(3-4) |
3(3-4) |
0.8126 |
*data presented as median
(interquartile range)
**comparisons between values for members
next year HbA1c ≤ 9.0% and > 9.0%