Table
2: Factors associated with co-morbid depression in the study patients.
Variable |
Co-morbid
Depression |
No co-morbid
depression |
OR (95%
CI) |
P value |
Age group (years) 35-44 45-54 55-64 ≥
65 |
3 (15.8%) 21 (30.9%) 22 (28.2%) 25 (45.5%) |
16 (84.2) 47 (69.1) 56 (71.8) 30 (54.5) |
1.0 2.4 (0.6-9.0) 2.0 (0.6-7.9) 4.4 (1.2-17.0) |
0.203 0.210 0.029* |
Gender Male Female |
34 (38.2%) 37 (28.5%) |
57 (61.8%) 94 (71.5%) |
1.6 (0.9-2.8) 1.0 |
0.130 |
Employment Employed Not employed |
35 (27.8%) 36 (38.3%) |
91 (72.2%) 58 (61.7%) |
1.0 0.6 (0.4-1.1) |
0.110 |
Education None Primary Secondary Tertiary |
6 (30.0%) 29 (33.7%) 29 (34.5%) 7 (23.3%) |
14 (70.0%) 57 (66.3%) 55 (65.5%) 23 (76.7%) |
1.4 (0.4-5.0) 1.7 (0.6-4.4) 1.7 (0.7-4.5) 1.0 |
0.599 0.293 0.261 |
Marital
status Married Single # |
60 (31.9%) 11 (34.4%) |
128 (68.1%) 21 (65.6%) |
1.0 1.1 (0.5-2.5) |
0.783 |
Diabetes
treatment OGLAs only OGLAs + Insulin Insulin only |
31 (26.3%) 32 (37.9%) 8 (33.3%) |
79 (73.7%) 48 (62.1%) 14 (66.7%) |
0.6 (0.4-1.1) 1.5 (0.9-2.7) 1.1 (0.4-2.6) |
0.135 0.147 0.906 |
Hypertension BP ≥ 140/90 mmHg Yes No |
54 (34.4%) 17 (27.0%) |
103 (65.6%) 46 (73.0%) |
1.4 (0.7-2.7) 1.0 |
0.288 |
Duration
of diabetes (years) < 5 ≥ 5 |
25 (25.3%) 46 (38.0%) |
74 (74.7%) 75 (62.0%) |
1.0 1.8 (1.0-3.3) |
0.044* |
BMI
(kg/m2 ) Underweight Normal Overweight/Obese |
0 (0.0%) 19 (23.8%) 51 (37.8%) |
4 (100.0%) 61 (76.3%) 84 (62.2%) |
- 1.0 1.9 (1.0-3.6) |
0.999 0.035* |
Glycemic control Good HbA1C ≤ 7% Poor HbA1C ˃ 7% |
11 (16.4%) 60 (39.2%) |
56 (83.6%) 93 (60.8%) |
1.0 3.3 (1.6-6.8) |
0.001* |
*Statistically significant, p < 0.05;
#Single (widowed, divorced, separated,
unmarried).