Author(s)

Smartphone use scale

Stress scale

Findings

Deepali, et al. [20]

Investigator-developed

Perceived stress scale (PSS) [80]

Cohen’s perceived stress scores were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in students who used their smartphones more than 2 hours per day

Gao, et al. [25]

Mobile phone addiction index (MPAI) [57]

Depression anxiety and stress scale (DASS-21) [58]

In the regression model, stress significantly affected mobile phone addiction (B = 0.462, t = 17.285, p < 0.01).

Kim, et al. [29]

Smartphone addiction

proneness Scale (SAPS) [59]

Investigator-developed

Perceived psychological health was closely related to smartphone overuse (p < 0.05). Stressed participants made up a higher percent of the cell phone overuse group (61.7%) and were 2.2 times more likely to overuse smartphones (OR 2.19,

95% CI 1.55-3.10). Stress was significantly associated with disturbance of adaptive functions, virtual life orientation, withdrawal, and tolerance (all p < 0.05).

Kuang-Tsan, et al. [30]

Problematic cellular phone use questionnaire (PCPUQ) [62]

Scale of university students’ daily life stress [81]

Love affair stress had a strong correlation to mobile phone addiction (p < 0.01). Academic stress also showed a significant correlation (p < 0.05) to mobile phone addiction.

Long, et al. [33]

Problematic cellular phone

Use questionnaire (PCPUQ) [62]

Perceived stress scale (PSS) [80]

Stress scores were significantly higher in students reporting problematic smartphone use (z = -6.78, p < 0.001).

Samaha, et al. [40]

Smartphone addiction scale for college students (SAS- C) [82]

Perceived stress scale (PSS) [80]

A significant positive correlation was found between risk of smartphone addiction and perceived stress (r = 0.193, p < 0.01), with high risk of smartphone addiction associated with high levels of perceived stress. A negative correlation was found between risk of smartphone addiction and life satisfaction (r = -0.492, p < 0.01). Using linear regression, risk of smartphone addiction explained 3.8% of the variance in perceived stress, [F (3,215) = 2.80, p < 0.05]. Perceived stress explained 24.3% of the variance in life satisfaction, after controlling for sex and age (p < 0.01).

Wang, et al. [44]

Mobile phone addiction scale (MPAS) [73]

Perceived stress scale (PSS) [80]

Level of perceived stress significantly correlated with degree of smartphone addiction in both the problematic smartphone use group (r = 0.33, p < 0.01) and the non-problematic smartphone use group (r = 0.30, p < 0.01). A multiple regression model showed a significant relationship between stress and problematic smartphone use (B = 0.31, t = 5.45, p = 0.01). Perceived stress was also found to moderate the relationship between entertainment motivation and problematic smartphone use, and between escapism motivation and problematic smartphone use among those scoring highest on problematic use.