Table 2: Relationship between characteristics of women and Health Belief Model Scale for cervical cancer and pap smear test.

Characteristics of Women Benefits and health motivation Barriers Seriousness Susceptibility Health motivation
Mean ± SD Test Mean ± SD Test Mean ± SD Test Mean ± SD Test Mean ± SD Test

Age of women*

≤ 30 years (a)

31-40 age (b)

≥ 41 age (c)

 

31.7 ± 5.6

32.6 ± 4.7

31.3 ± 6.2

 

F = 2.781

p = 0.063

 

 

37.3 ± 8.9

34.9 ± 10.2

36.1 ± 10.3

 

F = 3.271

p = 0.039

a > b

 

24.0 ± 5.4

24.8 ± 5.4

23.5 ± 5.8

 

F = 2.692

p = 0.069

 

 

7.4 ± 2.5

8.2 ± 2.4

7.7 ± 2.4

 

F = 5.240

p = 0.006

b > a

 

9.3 ± 2.4

9.6 ± 2.5

9.2 ± 2.6

 

F = 1.379

p = 0.253

 

Employment status

Employed

Unemployed

 

32.7 ± 5.6

31.7 ± 5.5

t = 1.816

df = 609

p = 0.070

 

32.9 ± 10.0

37.1 ± 9.5

t = -4.457

df = 609

p = 0.000

 

23.8 ± 5.7

24.2 ± 5.5

t = -0.639

df = 609

p = 0.523

 

8.2 ± 2.6

7.7 ± 2.4

t = 2.221

df = 609

p = 0.027

 

9.8 ± 2.7

9.3 ± 2.4

t = 2.021

df = 192.455

p = 0.045

Education level*

Literate/Not illiterate (a)

Primary school (b)

Secondary school (c)

High school (d)

University (e)

 

29.8 ± 5.3

32.2 ± 5.3

32.6 ± 4.5

32.1 ± 5.9

31.8 ± 7.2

 

F = 3.816

p = 0.004

b > a, c > a, d > a

 

 

 

41.1 ± 9.6

36.4 ± 9.5

36.7 ± 8.8

34.1 ± 10.2

31.2 ± 8.8

 

F = 11.249

p = 0.000

a > b, a > c, a > d, a > e, b > e, c > e

 

 

 

23.7 ± 5.2

24.7 ± 5.5

24.3 ± 5.2

23.7 ± 5.6

22.5 ± 6.3

 

F = 2.254

p = 0.062

 

 

 

 

7.7 ± 2.3

7.9 ± 2.5

7.4 ± 2.4

7.8 ± 2.4

7.8 ± 2.5

 

F = 0.932

p = 0.445

 

 

 

 

8.9 ± 2.2

9.3 ± 2.5

9.2 ± 2.5

9.6 ± 2.4

10.2 ± 3.0

 

F = 2.530

p = 0.040

e > a

 

 

Number of children*

No children (a)

1 child (b)

2 children (c)

3 or more children (d)

 

32.3 ± 5.7

31.9 ± 5.4

32.6 ± 5.5

30.7 ± 5.4

 

F = 3.633

p = 0.013

c > d

 

 

35.5 ± 9.5

36.9 ± 9.8

34.2 ± 9.5

38.6 ± 9.7

 

F = 6.512

p = 0.000

d > a, d > c

 

 

24.0 ± 5.5

24.2 ± 5.5

24.6 ± 5.4

23.5 ± 5.9

 

F = 1.146

p = 0.330

 

 

 

7.3 ± 2.4

7.8 ± 2.6

7.9 ± 2.3

7.9 ± 2.5

 

F = 1.860

p = 0.135

 

 

 

9.7 ± 2.5

9.5 ± 2.6

9.2 ± 2.5

9.2 ± 2.4

 

F = 641

p = 0.179

 

 

History of stillbirth

Yes

No

 

30.4 ± 5.0

32.0 ± 5.6

t = -2.143

df = 609

p = 0.033

 

39.2 ± 9.3

35.9 ± 9.8

t = 2.422

df = 609

p = 0.016

 

23.9 ± 4.9

24.1 ± 5.6

t = -0.313

df = 609

p = 0.754

 

7.7 ± 1.8

7.8 ± 2.5

t = -0.314

df = 76.645

p = 0.754

 

9.0 ± 2.5

9.4 ± 2.5

t = -1.000

df = 609

p = 0.318

Perceived income status*

Income is lower than outgoings (a)

Income is equal to outgoings (b)

Income is higher than outgoings (c)

 

32.5 ± 5.7

31.7 ± 5.4

32.9 ± 7.1

 

F = 1.596

p = 0.204

 

 

35.0 ± 10.3

36.7 ± 9.5

33.2 ± 10.2

 

F = 3.073

p = 0.047

 

 

24.5 ± 4.7

24.0 ± 5.7

23.7 ± 6.2

 

F = 0.497

p = 0.608

 

 

7.7 ± 2.6

7.8 ± 2.4

8.0 ± 2.2

 

F = 0.171

p = 0.843

 

 

8.7 ± 2.5

9.5 ± 2.4

9.9 ± 3.1

F = 5.812

p = 0.003

b > a, c > a

 

Type of family

Extended

Nuclear

 

31.4 ± 4.5

31.9 ± 5.7

t = -0.764

df = 609

p = 0.445

 

39.2 ± 6.6

35.8 ± 9.8

t = 2.768

df = 609

p = 0.006

 

24.6 ± 5.9

24.1 ± 5.5

t = 0.716

df = 609

p = 0.474

 

7.5 ± 2.4

7.8 ± 2.4

t = -1.041

df = 609

p = 0.298

 

9.4 ± 2.5

9.4 ± 2.5

t = 0.116

df = 609

p = 0.908

Health insurance

Yes

No

 

31.9 ± 5.5

31.8 ± 6.0

t = 0.096

df = 609

p = 0.923

 

35.9 ± 9.7

39.3 ± 9.9

t = -2.110

df = 609

p = 0.035

 

24.1 ± 5.5

24.5 ± 6.1

t = -0.504

df = 609

p = 0.615

 

7.8 ± 2.4

7.3 ± 3.0

t = 1.003

df = 43.726

p = 0.321

 

9.4 ± 2.5

8.9 ± 2.8

t = 1.208

df = 609

p = 0.227

Having sexual life regularly

Yes

No

 

32.0 ± 5.3

31.3 ± 6.5

t = 1.140

df = 161.809

p = 0.256

 

35.5 ± 9.5

39.1 ± 10.1

t = -3.670

df = 609

p = 0.000

 

24.0 ± 5.4

24.4 ± 6.1

t = -0.661

df = 609

p = 0.509

 

7.8 ± 2.4

7.5 ± 2.4

t = 1.320

df = 609

p = 0.187

 

9.3 ± 2.4

9.8 ± 2.7

t = -2.100

df = 609

p = 0.036

*Bonferroni test.