Table 2: Relationship between characteristics of women and Health Belief Model Scale for cervical cancer and pap smear test.
Characteristics of Women | Benefits and health motivation | Barriers | Seriousness | Susceptibility | Health motivation | |||||
Mean ± SD | Test | Mean ± SD | Test | Mean ± SD | Test | Mean ± SD | Test | Mean ± SD | Test | |
Age of women* ≤ 30 years (a) 31-40 age (b) ≥ 41 age (c) |
31.7 ± 5.6 32.6 ± 4.7 31.3 ± 6.2 |
F = 2.781 p = 0.063
|
37.3 ± 8.9 34.9 ± 10.2 36.1 ± 10.3 |
F = 3.271 p = 0.039 a > b |
24.0 ± 5.4 24.8 ± 5.4 23.5 ± 5.8 |
F = 2.692 p = 0.069
|
7.4 ± 2.5 8.2 ± 2.4 7.7 ± 2.4 |
F = 5.240 p = 0.006 b > a |
9.3 ± 2.4 9.6 ± 2.5 9.2 ± 2.6 |
F = 1.379 p = 0.253
|
Employment status Employed Unemployed |
32.7 ± 5.6 31.7 ± 5.5 |
t = 1.816 df = 609 p = 0.070 |
32.9 ± 10.0 37.1 ± 9.5 |
t = -4.457 df = 609 p = 0.000 |
23.8 ± 5.7 24.2 ± 5.5 |
t = -0.639 df = 609 p = 0.523 |
8.2 ± 2.6 7.7 ± 2.4 |
t = 2.221 df = 609 p = 0.027 |
9.8 ± 2.7 9.3 ± 2.4 |
t = 2.021 df = 192.455 p = 0.045 |
Education level* Literate/Not illiterate (a) Primary school (b) Secondary school (c) High school (d) University (e) |
29.8 ± 5.3 32.2 ± 5.3 32.6 ± 4.5 32.1 ± 5.9 31.8 ± 7.2 |
F = 3.816 p = 0.004 b > a, c > a, d > a
|
41.1 ± 9.6 36.4 ± 9.5 36.7 ± 8.8 34.1 ± 10.2 31.2 ± 8.8 |
F = 11.249 p = 0.000 a > b, a > c, a > d, a > e, b > e, c > e
|
23.7 ± 5.2 24.7 ± 5.5 24.3 ± 5.2 23.7 ± 5.6 22.5 ± 6.3 |
F = 2.254 p = 0.062
|
7.7 ± 2.3 7.9 ± 2.5 7.4 ± 2.4 7.8 ± 2.4 7.8 ± 2.5 |
F = 0.932 p = 0.445
|
8.9 ± 2.2 9.3 ± 2.5 9.2 ± 2.5 9.6 ± 2.4 10.2 ± 3.0 |
F = 2.530 p = 0.040 e > a
|
Number of children* No children (a) 1 child (b) 2 children (c) 3 or more children (d) |
32.3 ± 5.7 31.9 ± 5.4 32.6 ± 5.5 30.7 ± 5.4 |
F = 3.633 p = 0.013 c > d
|
35.5 ± 9.5 36.9 ± 9.8 34.2 ± 9.5 38.6 ± 9.7 |
F = 6.512 p = 0.000 d > a, d > c
|
24.0 ± 5.5 24.2 ± 5.5 24.6 ± 5.4 23.5 ± 5.9 |
F = 1.146 p = 0.330
|
7.3 ± 2.4 7.8 ± 2.6 7.9 ± 2.3 7.9 ± 2.5 |
F = 1.860 p = 0.135
|
9.7 ± 2.5 9.5 ± 2.6 9.2 ± 2.5 9.2 ± 2.4 |
F = 641 p = 0.179
|
History of stillbirth Yes No |
30.4 ± 5.0 32.0 ± 5.6 |
t = -2.143 df = 609 p = 0.033 |
39.2 ± 9.3 35.9 ± 9.8 |
t = 2.422 df = 609 p = 0.016 |
23.9 ± 4.9 24.1 ± 5.6 |
t = -0.313 df = 609 p = 0.754 |
7.7 ± 1.8 7.8 ± 2.5 |
t = -0.314 df = 76.645 p = 0.754 |
9.0 ± 2.5 9.4 ± 2.5 |
t = -1.000 df = 609 p = 0.318 |
Perceived income status* Income is lower than outgoings (a) Income is equal to outgoings (b) Income is higher than outgoings (c) |
32.5 ± 5.7 31.7 ± 5.4 32.9 ± 7.1 |
F = 1.596 p = 0.204
|
35.0 ± 10.3 36.7 ± 9.5 33.2 ± 10.2 |
F = 3.073 p = 0.047
|
24.5 ± 4.7 24.0 ± 5.7 23.7 ± 6.2 |
F = 0.497 p = 0.608
|
7.7 ± 2.6 7.8 ± 2.4 8.0 ± 2.2 |
F = 0.171 p = 0.843
|
8.7 ± 2.5 9.5 ± 2.4 9.9 ± 3.1 |
F = 5.812 p = 0.003 b > a, c > a
|
Type of family Extended Nuclear |
31.4 ± 4.5 31.9 ± 5.7 |
t = -0.764 df = 609 p = 0.445 |
39.2 ± 6.6 35.8 ± 9.8 |
t = 2.768 df = 609 p = 0.006 |
24.6 ± 5.9 24.1 ± 5.5 |
t = 0.716 df = 609 p = 0.474 |
7.5 ± 2.4 7.8 ± 2.4 |
t = -1.041 df = 609 p = 0.298 |
9.4 ± 2.5 9.4 ± 2.5 |
t = 0.116 df = 609 p = 0.908 |
Health insurance Yes No |
31.9 ± 5.5 31.8 ± 6.0 |
t = 0.096 df = 609 p = 0.923 |
35.9 ± 9.7 39.3 ± 9.9 |
t = -2.110 df = 609 p = 0.035 |
24.1 ± 5.5 24.5 ± 6.1 |
t = -0.504 df = 609 p = 0.615 |
7.8 ± 2.4 7.3 ± 3.0 |
t = 1.003 df = 43.726 p = 0.321 |
9.4 ± 2.5 8.9 ± 2.8 |
t = 1.208 df = 609 p = 0.227 |
Having sexual life regularly Yes No |
32.0 ± 5.3 31.3 ± 6.5 |
t = 1.140 df = 161.809 p = 0.256 |
35.5 ± 9.5 39.1 ± 10.1 |
t = -3.670 df = 609 p = 0.000 |
24.0 ± 5.4 24.4 ± 6.1 |
t = -0.661 df = 609 p = 0.509 |
7.8 ± 2.4 7.5 ± 2.4 |
t = 1.320 df = 609 p = 0.187 |
9.3 ± 2.4 9.8 ± 2.7 |
t = -2.100 df = 609 p = 0.036 |
*Bonferroni test.