All BiVADs (n = 1264)

Age, years (standard deviation)

51.2 (14.4)

Female, n (%)

317 (25.1%)

Race, n (%)

     White

719 (63.7%)

     Black

190 (16.8%)

     Hispanic

95 (8.4%)

     Asian or Pacific Islander

40 (3.5%)

     Native American

10 (0.8%)

     Other

75 (6.7%)

     Missing

136 (10.8%)

Comorbidities, n (%)

Coronary artery disease

445 (35.2%)

Myocardial infarction

393 (31.1%)

    Chronic pulmonary disease

112 (8.9%)

    Iron deficiency anemia

172 (13.6%)

    Chronic blood loss anemia

15 (1.2%)

    Coagulopathy

606 (47.9%)

    Diabetes

224 (17.7%)

    Hypertension

376 (29.7%)

    Hypothyroidism

54 (4.3%)

    Liver disease

50 (3.9%)

    Lymphoma

34 (2.7%)

    Fluid and electrolyte disorders

791 (62.6%)

    Metastatic cancer

5 (0.4%)

    Obesity

128 (10.1%)

    Peripheral vascular disorders

122 (9.7%)

    Pulmonary circulatory disorders

38 (3.0%)

    Renal failure

311 (24.6%)

    Valvular disease

52 (4.1%)

Insurance, n (%)

     Medicare

391 (30.9%)

     Medicaid

176 (13.9%)

     Private insurance

611 (48.4%)

     Self-pay

34 (2.7%)

     Other

53 (4.2%)

Bed size of hospital, n (%)

    Small

28 (2.2%)

    Medium

149 (11.8%)

    Large

1087 (86.0%)

Location and teaching status, n (%)

    Rural

30 (2.4%)

    Urban non-teaching

92 (7.3%)

    Urban Teaching

1142 (90.3%)

Region of hospital, n (%)

    Northeast

 342 (27.0%)

    Midwest

206 (16.3%)

    South

369 (29.2%)

    West

348 (27.5%)

Disposition of patient, n (%)

    Routine

207 (16.4%)

    Transfer to short-term hospital

110 (8.7%)

    Transfer to nursing home

109 (8.6%)

Home healthcare

165 (13.0%)

Elective admissions, n (%)

233 (18.5%)

Died during hospitalization, n (%)

674 (53.3%)

Length of stay, days (95% CI)

33.0 (10.0, 65.0)

Cost, $

319588.4 ± 248995.8

Complications, n (%)

    Transfusion

292 (23.1%)

Gastrointestinal bleed

149 (11.8%)

    Hemoperitoneum

35 (2.8%)

    Intracranial bleed

109 (8.6%)

    Hemolytic anemia

29 (2.3%)

    Vascular complication

41 (3.3%)

    Acute renal failure

998 (78.9%)

    Dialysis

234 (18.5%)

    Mechanical complication

47 (3.8%)

    Systemic embolism

197 (15.6%)

    Post-op stroke or transient ischemic attack

49 (3.9%)

    Implant-related infection

58 (4.6%)

    Post-op wound infection

45 (3.6%)