Green tea

Two clinical studies;

Clinical study 1: level 1 evidence, n = 97, primary outcome measure was progression of HGPIN to PC [16].

Clinical study 2: level 3 evidence, n = 42, primary outcome measure was 50% reduction in baseline PSA level [17].

None of these studies showed efficacy

Modified citrus pectin (MCP)

Two clinical studies;

Clinical study 1: level 3 evidence, n = 13, primary outcome measure was increase in PSADT [18].

Clinical study 2: level 3 evidence, n = 49, outcome was tumor response per RESIST criteria [24].

Only study 1 showed efficacy

Pomegranate fruit extract (PFE)

Four clinical studies;

Clinical study 1: level 3 evidence, n = 46, outcome measure was reduction in PSA levels [27].

Clinical study 2: level 3 evidence, n = 104, outcome measure was increase in PSADT [30].

Clinical study 3: level 1 evidence, n = 70, outcome measure was a reduction in oxidative stress markers in patient tumors [31].

Clinical study 4: level 1 evidence, n = 102, outcome measure was increase in PSADT [32].

Only studies 1 and 2 showed efficacy

Selenium

Four clinical studies:

Clinical study 1: level 1 evidence, n = 35,533, outcome measure was PC incidence [39].

Clinical study 2: level 1 evidence, n = 423, outcome measure was PC incidence [38].

Clinical study 3: level 1 evidence, n = 699, outcome measure was PC incidence [38].

Clinical study 4: level 1 evidence, n = 1,561, outcome measure was PC incidence [38].

None of these studies showed efficacy

Vitamin E

Two clinical studies:

Clinical study 1: level 1 evidence, n = 35,533, outcome measure was PC incidence [39].

Clinical study 2: level 1 evidence, n = 14,641, outcome measure was PC incidence [45].

None of these studies showed efficacy

Lycopene

Three clinical studies:

Clinical study 1: level 1ii evidence, n = 41, outcome measure was decrease in PSA levels [52].

Clinical study 2: level 1ii evidence, n = 36, outcome measure was decrease in PSA levels [53].

Clinical study 3: level 1ii evidence, n = 71, outcome measure was decrease in PSA levels [54].

Only study 3 showed efficacy

Soy

Eight clinical studies;

Clinical study 1: level 1 evidence, n = 66, outcome measure was decrease in PSA level [67].

Clinical study 2: level 1 evidence, n = 53, outcome measure was decrease in sex hormone-binding globulin [68].

Clinical study 3: level 1 evidence, n = 45, outcome measure was decrease in sex hormone-binding globulin [69].

Clinical study 4: level 1 evidence, n = 47, outcome measure was decrease in PSA levels [70].

Clinical study 5: level 1 evidence, n = 158, outcome measure was decrease in PSA levels [71].

Clinical study 6: level 1 evidence, n = 29, outcome measure was decrease in PSA levels [72].

Clinical study 7: level 1 evidence, n = 66, outcome measure was decrease in circulating androgen levels [73].

Clinical study 8: level 1 evidence, n = 76, outcome measure was decrease in PSA levels [74].

Only studies 4, 6, and 7 showed efficacy. Meta-analysis of all 8 studies was inconclusive

Saw palmetto extract

One clinical study: level 1 evidence, n = 369, outcome measures were AUA symptom score and PSA levels [77].

Did not show efficacy

Vitamin D

Three clinical studies;

Clinical study 1: level 3 evidence, n = 21, outcome measure was decrease in PSA levels [85].

Clinical study 2: level 3 evidence, n = 18, outcome measure was decrease in PSA levels [86].

Clinical study 3: level 1 evidence, n = 52, outcome measures were decrease in PSA levels and Gleason score [85].

Studies 1 and 3 showed efficacy

Sulforaphane

Two clinical studies;

Clinical study 1: level 3 evidence, n = 20, outcome measure was PSADT [93].

Clinical study 2: level 1 evidence, n = 78, outcome measure was decreased PSA level [94].

Study 1 showed efficacy