Table 2: Causes of established UI.
| Causes | Detrusor over-activity | Stress incontinence | Bladder outlet obstruction | Detrusor underactivity |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lower urinary tract | Cystitis-infection/chemical, bladder stone, tumour. High urethral resistance. |
Pelvic floor weakness-multiparity, obesity, surgical procedures. Post TURP in men. |
BPH, bladder neck dysfunction, posterior urethral valves, iatrogenic-postop. |
Post-surgical complications TURP, hip op, hysterectomy. Pelvic organ prolapses, severe atrophic vaginitis. Anticholinergic drugs. |
| Neurological causes | DM neuropathy, spinal cord lesions, Parkinson's disease, MSA, stroke, dementia. |
Pudendal nerve injury, sacral spinal cord. | Uncoordinated sphincter activity- Spinal cord injury. | Multiple sclerosis, PD, DM, dementia, sacral neuropathy, stroke. |