Table 1: Changes in breathing pattern and dyspnea.

Tidal Volume [ml] Baseline (1st) Period Intervention (2nd) Period
Interval (min) 0-15 Mean (SD/SEM) 15-30 Mean (SD/SEM) 30-45 Mean (SD/SEM) 0-15 Mean (SD/SEM) 15-30 Mean (SD/SEM) 30-45 Mean (SD/SEM)
Fenoterol 503 (183/42) 482 (175/40) 460 (152/35) 505 (185/43) 493 (195/45) 461 (198/45)
Oxitropium 584 (234/54) 531 (151/35) 509 (158/36) 560 (248/57) 529 (232/53) 529 (237/54)
Placebo 593 (235/54) 568 (189/43) 536 (172/40) 596 (173/40) 569 (173/40) 527 (154/35)
Respiratory Rate (per 5 min) Baseline (1st) Period Intervention (2nd) Period
Interval (min) 0-15 Mean (SD/SEM) 15-30 Mean (SD/SEM) 30-45 Mean (SD/SEM) 0-15 Mean (SD/SEM) 15-30 Mean (SD/SEM) 30-45 Mean (SD/SEM)
Fenoterol 89 (31/7) 86 (31/7) 89 (28/6) 88 (30/7) 88 (30/7) 91 (27/6)
Oxitropium 90 (28/7) 91 (29/7) 89 (29/7) 90 (31/7) 89 (28/6) 87 (27/6)
Placebo 89 (29/7) 90 (28/6) 88 (27/6) 89 (28/6) 90 (29/7) 91 (26/6)
Minute Volume [l] Baseline (1st) Period Intervention (2nd) Period
Interval (min) 0-15 Mean (SD/SEM) 15-30 Mean (SD/SEM) 30-45 Mean (SD/SEM) 0-15 Mean (SD/SEM) 15-30 Mean (SD/SEM) 30-45 Mean (SD/SEM)
Fenoterol 8.5 (3.6/0.8) 7.8 (3.4/0.7) 7.8 (2.9/0.7) 8.8 (4.2/1.0) 8.3 (3.4/0.8) 8.4 (3.7/0.9)
Oxitropium 10.1 (4.2/1.0) 9.5 (3.6/0.8) 8.9 (3.6/0.8) 9.5 (4.5/1.0) 9.0 (4.1/1.0) 8.8 (3.8/0.9)
Placebo 10.1 (4.0/0.9) 10.1 (4.3/1.0) 9.2 (3.5/0.8) 10.3 (3.7/0.9) 10.0 (3.9/0.9) 9.5 (3.7/0.9)
Fenoterol Visit Mean SD Median Maximum Minimum
Borg Scale 3.0 1.2 3 5 1
VAS after Baseline Period 6.1 19.3 0 83 0
VAS after Intervention Period 12.1 19.2 0 61 -13
Total VAS (both periods) 18.2 25.4 12 83 -13
Oxitropium Visit
Borg Scale 2.9 0.9 3 5 1
VAS after Baseline Period 6.3 18.1 0 72 0
VAS after Intervention Period 11.1 19.4 0 64 0
Total VAS (both periods) 17.5 28.6 0 100 0
Placebo Visit
Borg Scale 2.8 0.9 3 5 1
VAS after Baseline Period 5.6 17.8 0 71 -13
VAS after Intervention Period 4.1 18.7 0 47 -33
Total VAS (both periods) 9.7 27.8 0 71 -37

The upper part of the table shows mean values, standard deviations and standard errors of breathing frequency, tidal volume and minute volume in the three 15-min periods before and after administration of each of the three study medications. The lower part shows the statistical characteristics of the Borg scale, measured at the beginning of each visit and of the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) measured after the 45-minute baseline period and after the 45-minute intervention period, i.e. after medication. SD: Standard Deviation; SEM: Standard Error of the Mean; min: Minutes; l: Liter; ml: Milliliter; VAS: Visual Analog Scale.