Epidemiological studies demonstrating an increased risk of congenital anomalies in the offspring of obese/overweight women (Obesity defined as BMI > 29.9 kg/m2 and overweight as BMI = 25.0-29.9 kg/m2).

Table 4: Epidemiological studies demonstrating an increased risk of congenital anomalies in the offspring of obese/overweight women

(Obesity defined as BMI > 29.9 kg/m² and overweight as BMI = 25.0-29.9 kg/m²).

BMI category	Congenital anomaly	95% CI	Study design	Reference
Obese	NTD	1.30-2.90	Case-control	Shaw, et al. (1996) [20]
Obese	NTD	1.08-3.40	Case-control	Watkins, et al. (1996) [21]
Obese	NTD	1.03-2.92	Case-control	Hendricks, et al. (2001) [22]
Obese	Encephalocele	1.70-50.6	Case-control	Queisser‐Luft, et al. (1998) [23]
BMI > 27	Heart defects	1.20-34.9	Retrospective cohort	Mikhail, et al. (2002) [24]
Overweight	Heart defects	1.01-1.26	Case-control	Waller, et al. (2007) [25]