Countries of use [5,6]

Products definitions (forms and type of tobacco and added ingredients)

Areca nut husk without tobacco [7]

Mainland China

Custom-made or handmade product that consists of the husk of the Piper betle plant mixed with other ingredients (eg. Dried grapes)

Betel quid with tobacco (eg, paan) [5,8]

Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, Indonesia, India, Federated States of Micornesia, Laos, Malaysia, Maldives, Myanmar, Papau New Guinea, Nepal, Pakistan, Palau, Singapore, SriLanka, Taiwan, Thailand, United Arab Emirates, UK, Vietnam

Commercial or vendor-prepared packaged product , or handmade or home prepared by the user with tobacco; contains areca nut, slaked lime, betel leaf, and often catechu; other ingredients are added that differ regionally such as cardamon, saffron, cloves, aniseed, turmeric, mustard, sweeteners, rosewater, aniseed, mint, or other spices

Betel quid with tobacco [5,3]

Taiwan, Papau New Guinea, Solomon Islands

Custom-made or handmade product that is a combination of betel leaf, areca nut, or fruit of a pepper plant (piper betle), and powered lime; other ingredients and spices can be added to enhance flavouring; often prepared by warpping the areca nut, and part of the betel pepper vine with or without the other ingredients in a Piper betle leaf

Gutkha or gutka [5,8]

Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka

Commercially manufactured and packaged form of tobacco product containing crushed areca nut and catechu that are mixed together with various flavourings and sometimes sweeteners

Khaini, Khoini [5,8]

Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal

Commercially prepared or custom-made product containing powederd tobacco mixed with slaked lime paste and sometimes areca nut

Manipuri [5]

Uttar Pradesh, India

Handmade or custom-made product containing tobacco mixed, areca nut, camphor and cloves

Mawa, Kharra [5]

Gujarat, Maharashtra, India

Handmade or custom-made product or locally produced and wrapped in cellophane, containing small pieces of areca nut (95%) that are mixed with tobacco flakes and slaked lime, then the mixture is rubbed together to combine

Naswar (niswar) [5,10]

Afganistan, India, Pakistan

Custom-made form of tobacco that is a combination of ingredients including slaked lime, ash, oil, sometimes flavourings (most commonly menthol and cardamom), and a colouring agent (such as indigo)

Zaarda or zarda [5,10]

Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, UK, Yemen

Commercially produced product containing tobacco, lime, spices, vegetable dyes, and sometimes areca nut; processed with broken tobacco leaves boiled with lime and spices; the mixture is dried and coloured with vegetables dyes, then sometimes mixed with areca nut