Magnitude of Cardiovascular Risk Factors among Adult Hypertensive Patients Attending in Ayder Comprehensive Specialized Hospital , Ethiopia , 2018

• Page 1 of 7 • Citation: Bahrey D, Mariye T, Gebremedh G, Kassa A, Girmay A, et al. (2019) Magnitude of Cardiovascular Risk Factors among Adult Hypertensive Patients Attending in Ayder Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Ethiopia, 2018. Int Arch Cardiovasc Dis 3:016 Accepted: April 08, 2019; Published: April 10, 2019 Copyright: © 2019 Bahrey D, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.


Introduction
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are a group of disorders of the heart and blood vessels.Globally cardiovascular disease is the most common cause of death which accounts for about 31% of deaths worldwide.According to world health organization (WHO), 17.7 million of death in the world is caused by cardiovascular disease.Of these death 7.4 million were due to coronary heart disease and 6.7 million were due to stroke.Eighty percept of those death were in of Sub-Saharan Africa [1,2].Currently African populations are extremely affected by cardiovascular disease.The future risk of non-communicable forms of CVD (predominantly driven by increased rates of hypertension, smoking, and obesity) is a growing public health concern [3].It becomes severe issues • Page 2 of 7 • ISSN: 2643-3966 increment of CVD from year to year and that initiate us to do this research.In addition, there is a little research done Ethiopia related to magnitude of CVD risk factors specifically among hypertensive patients.So, the purpose of this study was to assess the magnitude of cardiovascular risk factors among adult hypertensive patients attending at Ayder Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Tigray, Ethiopia.

Study area and study period
The study was conducted in Ayder Comprehensive Specialized Hospital.The data were collected from February to April 2018 patients' medical cards that recorded from January, 2013 to January, 2018.

Study design
A hospital based retrospective cross-sectional study.

Study population
All adult hypertensive patients who had hypertension treatment follow-up at Ayder comprehensive specialized hospital from January 2013 to January 2018.

Sample size determination
All hypertensive patients from January 2013 to January 2018, who met the inclusion criteria, were included in the study.All patients were included in the study.

Data collection tools
Standardized questionnaire and checklist was used.Questionnaire in English language was employed for data collection tools.Four BSc nurses as data collectors and one BSc nurse as supervisor.Secondary data was used to collect the required variable.

Dependent variable
Cardiovascular Risk factors.

Independent variable
Socio-demographic characteristics, Hypertension status, Anti-hypertension condition, Medical history, Life style.
Physically active: An individual who perform physical exercise for at least 30 minutes per day for at least 5 day per week [15].

Cigarette smoking:
Subject who smoked at least one cigarette per day at the time follow-up period was for the people living in developing countries [4,5].
World Health Organization (WHO) report that more than one third of annual death of Ethiopia population was due to NCDs.From these cardiovascular diseases was the most common which accounted for 15% [6].A cross-sectional study in South West Ethiopia reported that hypertension contributed 30.9% of cardiac cases [7].Another study done also showed that hypertension is responsible for at least 45% of deaths due to heart disease and 51% of deaths due to stroke [8].
High blood pressure also affects almost 1 billion people worldwide and is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity.In most cases, this disease remains asymptomatic until it followed by stroke, myocardial infarction, renal dysfunction, visual problems and others [9].Ischemic heart disease (heart attack) and stroke are among the top ten causes of death in all low-and middle-income regions [10].Individuals at risk of CVD had raised blood pressure, glucose, and lipids as well as overweight and obesity.In Ethiopia, the magnitude of cardiovascular disease among hypertensive patients was 22%.Even in countries which have good health care system the cause of death due to CVD is high [11].
Ethiopia ten years report of CVD increased by half from the previous that indicated highly alarming of CVD [6].Other study done in Addis Ababa showed that 51% deaths were due to non-communicable diseases [12].
In the same study, amongst the non-communicable diseases, cardiovascular disease was the leading cause of death (24%).Study conducted in Ayder comprehensive specialized hospital shows that the leading cause of intensive care unit admissions was patients with cardiovascular diseases (26%).Other study in the same area revealed that the prevalence of stroke among hypertensive patient who were on treatment of anti-hypertensive was about 38%.About 66.2% of patients were hypertensive at hospital arrival [13].
Investigating the risk factors of cardiovascular disease among hypertension is very important for prevention and control of CVD.Ethiopia was signed to achieve sustainable development goal (SDG) from 2016 to 2030 and to reduce by one third premature death from non-communicable diseases [14].In addition to SDG, the five-year transformation plan of Ethiopia shows that there is focus on comprehensive prevention and control of NCD including CVD and other risk factors.The plan also indicates that about three-quarters (73%) of all health facilities provide services for cardiovascular diseases including hypertension [6].Therefore, knowing the magnitude of cardiovascular disease risk factors can help to control premature death from CVD.In addition this research helps to prepare prediction model and used as a baseline for future researchers and other concerned bodies.
The overall of different study showed that there is logistic regression analysis was checked to control for confounders.P-value < 0.25 was used as a cut-off value to include variables for multivariate binary logistic regression.Odds ratio with 95% confidence level was computed and p-value < 0.05 was described as a significant association.

Socio-demographic characteristics
A total of 900 hypertensive patients' medical cards were reviewed from January, 2013 to January, 2018 in Ayder comprehensive specialized hospital.Among all of them 578 hypertensive patient's card were fulfilling the inclusion criteria and included in this study.Out of the cohort half, 290 (50.2%), of the documents were females and the rest 288 (49.8%), male.Educational status of the participants showed 242 (41.9%) were not formal educated followed by 146 (25.4%) achieved primary level.Almost the ethnicity of the participants were from Tigray 556 (96.2%) followed by Afar 13 (2.3%).Majority of the participants were married 498 (86.2%).The documented age of the patients ranges from 30 to 87 years with the median age of 54.14 years.From the patients more than half were urban in residence 323 (55.9%) and the rest rural.Out of the total participants almost all were orthodox in religion 539 (93.3%).
Based on the socio-demographic characteristics the classified as current smokers and those who have for at least three years in the past but had stopped by the time of the follow-up period was classified as previous smokers.
Alcohol intake: A patient consider as alcohol drinker if the patient drinks more than 2 bottle of beer for men or 1 bottle of beer for women per day.

Data analysis
Data was coded, entered, edited, and cleaned by Epic-data manager version 4.2 and then exported in to SPSS version 23 for analysis.The data was cleaned and edited using simple frequencies and cross-tabulation before regression analysis.The data was describing the patient follow-up characteristics in terms of mean/median value for continuous variables and frequency and percentage for categorical variables.The main outcome other risk factors of cardiovascular disease among hypertension was considered.Cardiovascular disease risk factors were confirmed by reviewing medical chart in the hospital and appointment registration book.Baseline demographic, clinical, laboratory and social characteristics were used as independent variables in the analysis.3).

Discussion
This study tried to assess the magnitude of cardiovascular risk factors among hypertensive patients.In this study, the socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of 578 patients who had follow-up in Ayder comprehensive specialized hospital over five year period were analyzed.From the total patients' 212 (36.7%) with 95% CI (32.7-40.7)were had cardiovascular risk factors in the five years retrospective study period.This result was higher than study done in Bahir-dar (22%) [17] its difference may be due the difference in study design, study population, follow-up period.On the other hand study conducted in Kenya also show that the prevalence of CVD was 33.4% [18] which is in line with our study.Our study also higher than with systematic review done in Spain that was (9%) [19].The difference may be socio-demographic characteristics, living standards and qualities of the service provided and follow up period.
finding showed that the distribution of cardiovascular complication slight higher among male participant 78 (53.1%), participant with urban residence 114 (77.6%) and illiterate participant 76 (51.7%) when they compare with their counterpart (Table 1).

Medical history and risk behaviour
Among the total participants patient one quarter were patient with chronic kidney disease 128 (22.1%), diabetic mellitus 163 (28.2%) and dyslipidemia 158 (27.3).From the total card reviewed about 15.9% had history of smoking when they start follow-up and more than half of the patients were uncontrolled hypertension.Based on medical condition and life style risk assessment cardiovascular complication among hypertensive patients were common in patient co-morbid with DM, CKD, dyslipidemia and patient with protein urea.It was also common among patient with unadvisable life style like smoker, alcohol drinker and not exercising.Almost all of the cardiovascular complication occurs in patient with uncontrolled hypertension (Table 2).

Bivariate and multi-variable analysis of Binary logistic regression model
Variables like age, blood pressure, Protein urea, CKD, BMI, Dyslipidaemia, DM, alcohol , Smoking, High salt intake and Less physical activity was found to have with our study.It may be due to similar living standard and characteristics of the study population.On contrary, systematic review conducted Spain showed that based on binary logistic regression model smoking status, the relative risk of cardiovascular events was two times higher in hypertension.The same study in Spain showed that based on binary logistic regression model two to three times and one and half times among hypertension with diabetes and high BMI and hyperlipidemia respectively [19].This study is similar with our study with high BMI and hyperlipidemia and diabetic.
The study conducted in Japan, protein urea had a significant association with the risk of cardiovascular disease which is in line with this study this may be due to the nature of the study design.Similarly systematic review and meta-analysis study conducted in Australia indicated that the presence of proteinuria was associated with an approximate 50% increase in coronary heart disease risk (odds ratio 1.47, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.23-1.74)after adjustment for known risk factors which is lower than our study OR 5.06 (95% CI 1.93 to 27.43) [20].But this result finding was opposite study conducted in Bahir-dar this difference may be due to nature of population, geographical difference, study A study conducted in Kenya explains that males had the highest (47.8%) occurrence of CVD outcomes compared to females (29.2%).The sex of study participants was significantly associated with CVD outcomes.Females were less likely to develop a CVD compared to males.This study is lower than with our study that was about 53.1% and 46.8% males and females were develop cardiovascular complications respectively [18].The difference may be due the study design and sample size difference.
In the multiple binary logistic regression model analysis age of a patient was an important risk factors of cardiovascular disease among hypertension patients with Odds ratio [AOR (95% CI = 3.13 (1.72, 5.67)].This study shows that the Odis Ratio of being at risk by cardiovascular disease increased as the age of hypertensive patient increase.This result is in accordance with the study conducted Ethiopia, Spain and Australia [17].On the other hand systematic review conducted in Spain showed that two times higher in hypertension which is higher than our study [19].
Based on study conducted in Kenya behavioral factors including cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption significantly associated with CVD which is similar critically.YA: Assisted in analysis, interpretation and reviewed the manuscript critically.All authors were read and approved the final manuscript.