Table 1: Literature review of lower cervical spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas.

Authors

Gender/Age

Side/Level

Main arterial feeder

Symptoms and signs

Location of venous congestion

Associating aneurysm

Treatment

Neurological outcome

Willinsky, et al. 1990 [14]

M/36

R/C8

VA, Costocervical trunk

SAH, progressive quadriparesis, BBD

C

Yes (V)

1. Embolization with NBCA.

2. Surgery (anterior)

3. Surgery (posterior)

Walking with a cane

Barnwell, et al. 1991 [15]

F/69

R/C7

Costocervical trunk

Arm and leg myelopathy

N/A

No

1. Surgery at C1-C2 level

2. Surgery at C6-C7 level

Not improved and died 4 months later

Terao, et al. 2006 [16]

M/69

L/C7

VA

Acute dizziness, orthostatic hypotension, progressive myelopathy, respiratory dysfunction

C, M

No

1. Coil embolization

2. Surgical disconnection

Mild motor weakness of both legs and urinary difficulty remained evident.

Geibprasert, et al. 2009 [10]

M/51

L/C5

VA

Progressive paraparesis, BBD

T

No

Embolization with NBCA.

Only mild left foot drop remaining

Lucas, et al. 2012 [17]

M/45

R/C5

VA

SAH

N/A

Yes (A)

Surgical ligation of the fistula and resection of the radiculopial artery aneurysm

Nearly complete recovery

Hetts, et al. 2013 [18]

M/40

Bilateral/C6

Costocervical trunks

Acute quadriparesis after a febrile illness, pain, BBD

Mi, P, M, C, T

No

1. Surgical clipping of intradural vessel in posterior fossa

2. Surgical clipping of fistulas at both C5-6 level

Slow improvement

Pülhorn, et al. 2018 [19]

F/42

L/C4

VA

Intracranial hypertension

N/A

No

Surgical excision of the fistula.

Good improvement

Gao, et al. 2019 [20]

M/39

R/C5

Thyrocervical trunk

SAH

N/A

Yes (A)

Embolization of aneurysm Surgical interruption of the fistula

N/A

Present study, et al. 2019

F/34

R/C8

Costocervical trunk

Progressive myelopathy, BBD, respiratory dysfunction

M, C, T

Yes (V)

Embolization with NBCA.

Paraparesis remaining

A: arterial aneurysm; BBD: bowel and bladder dysfunction; C: cervical; F: female; M: male; R: right; L: left; M: medulla oblongata; Mi: midbrain; N/A: data not available; NBCA: N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate; P: pons; SAH: subarachnoid hemorrhage; T: thoracic; V: venous aneurysm; VA: vertebral artery.